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174 lines
8.0 KiB
174 lines
8.0 KiB
4 years ago
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#### PostgreSQL DBA Roadmap
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##### Learn basic RDBMS terms and concepts
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Get basic understanding of Postgres key terms and basic RDBMS concepts.
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- Object model: data types, columns, rows, tables, schemas, databases, queries.
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- Relational model: domains, attributes, tuples, relations, constraints, NULL.
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- Databases high-level concepts: ACID, MVCC, transactions, write-ahead log, query processing.
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- Links:
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- [Postgres Glossary](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/13/glossary.html)
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- SQL and Relational Theory - Christopher J. Date, 2009
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- Database Design and Relational Theory - Christopher J. Date, 2012
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##### Learn how to install and run PostgreSQL
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Get practical skills of how to set up and run Postgres to get a working environment for further learning.
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- using package managers (APT, YUM, etc.)
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- using `Docker`.
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- managing Postgres service using `systemd` (start, stop, restart, reload).
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- managing Postgres service using `pg_ctl`, or OS-specific tools (like `pg_ctlcluster`).
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- connect to Postgres using `psql`.
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- deploy database service in cloud environment (AWS, GCE, Azure, Heroku, DigitalOcean, etc...).
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- Links:
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- [Official download and install instructions](https://www.postgresql.org/download/)
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- [Official Docker images](https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres)
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##### Learn SQL concepts
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Get practical skills of how to create and manipulate database objects and how to execute queries using `psql` client.
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- Understanding basic data types.
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- DML queries: querying data, modifying data, filtering data, joining tables.
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- advanced topics: transactions, CTE, subqueries, lateral join, grouping, set operations.
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- DDL queries: managing tables and schemas (create, alter, drop).
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- Import and export data using `COPY`.
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- Links:
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- [DB Fiddle](https://www.db-fiddle.com/)
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- [PostgreSQL Tutorial](https://www.postgresqltutorial.com/)
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- [PostgreSQL SQL Getting Started](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/tutorial-sql.html)
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- [The SQL Language](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql.html)
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##### Learn how to configure Postgres
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Get understanding of the main aspects of how Postgres could be configured. Deep understanding of Postgres internals is not yet necessary here.
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- postgresql.conf:
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- resources usage
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- write-ahead log
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- checkpoints and background writer
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- cost-based vacuum and autovacuum
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- replication
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- query planner
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- reporting, logging and statistics
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- adding extra extensions
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- ... keep exploring other configuration options
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Links:
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- [Postgresqlco.nf](http://postgresqlco.nf/)
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##### Learn Postgres security concepts
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Get understanding about basic security concepts and common ways of how to deploy secure configurations.
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- Authentication models, roles, pg_hba.conf, SSL settings.
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- Objects privileges: grant/revoke, default privileges.
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- Advanced topics - row-level security, selinux.
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- Links:
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- [Client authentication](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/client-authentication.html)
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- [Roles and users managements](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/user-manag.html)
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##### Develop infrastructure DBA skills
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Get practical skills of how to deploy, extend, maintain and support Postgres installations and 3rd-party Postgres ecosystem software.
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- Replication: streaming replication, logical replication
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- Backup/recovery tools:
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- Built-in: `pg_dump`, `pg_dumpall`, `pg_restore`, `pg_basebackup`
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- 3rd-party: `barman`, `pgbackrest`, `pg_probackup`, `WAL-G`
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- Backup validation procedures
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- Upgrading procedures
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- minor and major upgrades using `pg_upgrade`
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- upgrades using logical replication
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- Connection pooling:
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- `Pgbouncer`
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- alternatives: `Pgpool-II`, `Odyssey`, `Pgagroal`
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- Infrastructure monitoring: `Prometheus`, `Zabbix`, other favourite monitoring solution
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- High availability and cluster management tools:
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- `Patroni`
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- alternatives: `Repmgr`, `Stolon`, `pg_auto_failover`, `PAF`
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- Applications Load Balancing and Service Discovery: `Haproxy`, `Keepalived`, `Consul`, `Etcd`
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- Deploy Postgres on `Kubernetes`: simple `StatefulSet` setup, `HELM`, operators
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- Resource usage and provisioning, capacity planning
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##### Learn how to automate routines
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Get practical skills, learn automation tools and automate existing routine tasks.
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- Automation using shell scripts or any other favourite language (`Bash`, `Python`, `Perl`, etc)
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- Configuration management: `Ansible`, `Salt`, `Chef`, `Puppet`
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##### Develop application DBA skills
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Learn theory and get practical skills of how applications should work with Postgres
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- Migrations:
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- practical patterns and antipatterns
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- tools: `liquibase`, `sqitch`, language-specific tools
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- Data import/export, bulk loading and processing
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- Queues:
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- practical patterns and anti-patterns
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- `Skytools PGQ`
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- Data partitioning and sharding patterns.
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- Database normalization and normal forms.
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- Books:
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- The Art of PostgreSQL - Dimitri Fontaine, 2020
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##### Learn Postgres advanced topics
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Here is important to continuously extend and develop existing knowledge about Postgres.
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- Low level internals:
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- Processes and memory architecture
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- Vacuum processing
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- Buffer management
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- Lock management
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- [Physical storage and file layout](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage.html)
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- [System catalog](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/catalogs.html)
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- Fine-grained tuning:
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- Per-user, per-database settings
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- [Storage parameters](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html#SQL-CREATETABLE-STORAGE-PARAMETERS)
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- Workload-dependant tuning: OLTP, OLAP, HTAP
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- Advanced SQL topics:
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- PL/pgSQL, procedures and functions, triggers
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- aggregate and window functions
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- recursive CTE
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- Links:
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- [The Internals of PostgreSQL](http://www.interdb.jp/pg/index.html) for database administrators and system developers
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- [PL/pgSQL Guide](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/plpgsql.html)
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##### Learn Postgres troubleshooting technics
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Get basic understanding about troubleshooting tools and get practical skills of how to detect and resolve problems.
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- Operating system tools
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- `top` (`htop`, `atop`)
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- `sysstat`
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- `iotop`
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- Postgres system views
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- `pg_stat_activity`
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- `pg_stat_statements`
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- Postgres tools
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- `pgcenter` - *personal recommendation*
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- Query analyzing:
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- [EXPLAIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-explain.html)
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- [Depesz](https://explain.depesz.com/) online EXPLAIN visualization tool
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- [PEV](https://tatiyants.com/pev/#/plans) online EXPLAIN visualization tool
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- [Tensor](https://explain.tensor.ru/) online EXPLAIN visualization tool, RU language only
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- Log analyzing:
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- `pgBadger`
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- Ad-hoc analyzing using `grep`, `awk`, `sed`, etc.
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- External tracing/profiling tools: `gdb`, `strace`, `perf-tools`, `ebpf`, core dumps
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- Troubleshooting methods: USE, RED, Golden signals
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- Links:
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- [Linux Performance](http://www.brendangregg.com/linuxperf.html) by Brendan Gregg
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- [USE Method](http://www.brendangregg.com/usemethod.html)
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##### Learn SQL optimization technics
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Get understanding and practical skills of how to optimize SQL queries.
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- Indexes, and their use cases: B-tree, Hash, GiST, SP-GiST, GIN, BRIN
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- SQL queries patterns and anti-patterns
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- SQL schema design patterns and anti-patterns
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- Links:
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- [Use the Index, Luke](https://use-the-index-luke.com/) - a Guide to Database Performance for Developers
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- Books:
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- SQL Antipatterns: Avoiding the Pitfalls of Database Programming - Bill Karwin, 2010
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##### Develop architect skills
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Get deeper understanding of Postgres use cases and where Postgres is suitable and where is not.
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- Postgres forks and extensions: `Greenplum`, `Timescaledb`, `Citus`, `Postgres-XL`, etc.
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- RDBMS in general, benefits and limitations
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- Differences between Postgres and other RDBMS and NoSQL databases
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##### Develop Postgres hacker skills
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Get involved to Postgres community and contribute to Postgres; be a useful member of Postgres, and the open source community; use personal experience to help other people.
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- daily reading and answering in [mailing lists](https://www.postgresql.org/list/)
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- pgsql-general
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- pgsql-admin
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- pgsql-performance
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- pgsql-hackers
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- pgsql-bugs
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- reviewing patches
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- writing patches, attending in [Commitfests](https://commitfest.postgresql.org/)
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