Kamran Ahmed
5 years ago
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Around 10 years ago, Jeff Atwood (the founder of stackoverflow) made a case that JavaScript is going to be the future and he coined the “Atwood Law” which states that *Any application that can be written in JavaScript will eventually be written in JavaScript*. Fast-forward to today, 10 years later, if you look at it it rings truer than ever. JavaScript is continuing to gain more and more adoption. |
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### JavaScript is announced |
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JavaScript was initially created by [Brendan Eich](https://twitter.com/BrendanEich) of NetScape and was first announced in a press release by Netscape in 1995. It has a bizarre history of naming; initally it was named `Mocha` by the creator, which was later renamed to `LiveScript`. In 1996, about a year later after the release, NetScape decided to rename it to be `JavaScript` with hopes of capitalizing on the Java community (although JavaScript did not have any relationship with Java) and released Netscape 2.0 with the official support of JavaScript. |
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### ES1, ES2 and ES3 |
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In 1996, Netscape decided to submit it to [ECMA International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International) with the hopes of getting it standardized. First edition of the standard specification was released in 1997 and the language was standardized. After the initial release, `ECMAScript` was continued to be worked upon and in no-time two more versions were released ECMAScript 2 in 1998 and ECMAScript 3 in 1999. |
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### Decade of Silence and ES4 |
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After the release of ES3 in 1999, there was a complete silence for a decade and no changes were made to the official standard. There was some work on the fourth edition in the initial days; some of the features that were being discussed included classes, modules, static typings, destructuring etc. It was being targeted to be released by 2008 but was abandoned due to political differences concerning language complexity. However, the vendors kept introducing the extensions to the language and the developers were left scratching their heads — adding polyfills to battle compatibility issues between different browsers. |
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### From silence to ES5 |
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Google, Microsoft, Yahoo and other disputers of ES4 came together and decided to work on a less ambition update to ES3 tentatively named ES3.1. But the teams were still fighting about what to include from ES4 and what not. Finally, in 2009 ES5 was released mainly focusing on fixing the compabitility and security issues etc. But there wasn’t much of a splash in the water — it took ages for the vendors to incorporate the standards and many developers were still using ES3 without being aware of the “modern” standards. |
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### Release of ES6 — ECMASript 2015 |
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After a few years of the release of ES5, things started to change, TC39 (the committee under ECMA international responsible for ECMAScript standardization) kept working on the next version of ECMAScript (ES6) which was originally named ES Harmony, before being eventually released with the name ES2015. ES2015 adds significant features and syntactic sugar to allow writing complex applications. Some of the features that ES6 has to offer, include Classes, Modules, Arrows, Enhanced object literals, Template strings, Destructuring, Default param values + rest + spread, Let and Const, Iterators + for..of, Generators, Maps + Sets, Proxies, Symbols, Promises, math + number + string + array + object APIs [etc](http://es6-features.org/#Constants) |
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Browser support for ES6 is still scarce but everything that ES6 has to offer is still available to developers by transpiling the ES6 code to ES5. With the release of 6th version of ECMAScript, TC39 decided to move to yearly model of releasing updates to ECMAScript so to make sure that the new features are added as soon as they are approved and we don’t have to wait for the full specification to be drafted and approved — thus 6th version of ECMAScript was renamed as ECMAScript 2015 or ES2015 before the release in June 2015. And the next versions of ECMAScript were decided to published in June of every year. |
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### Release of ES7 — ECMASript 2016 |
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In June 2016, seventh version of ECMAScript was released. As ECMAScript has been moved to an yearly release model, ECMAScript 2016 (ES2016) comparatively did not have much to offer. ES2016 includes just two new features |
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* Exponentiation operator `**` |
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* `Array.prototype.includes` |
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### Release of ES8 — ECMAScript 2017 |
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The eighth version of ECMAScript was released in June 2017. The key highlight of ES8 was the addition of async functions. Here is the list of new features in ES8 |
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* `Object.values()` and `Object.entries()` |
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* String padding i.e. `String.prototype.padEnd()` and `String.prototype.padStart()` |
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* `Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors` |
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* Trailing commas in function parameter lists and calls |
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* Async functions |
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### What is ESNext then? |
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ESNext is a dynamic name that refers to whatever the current version of ECMAScript is at the given time. For example, at the time of this writing `ES2017` or `ES8` is `ESNext`. |
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### What does the future hold? |
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Since the release of ES6, [TC39](https://github.com/tc39) has quite streamlined their process. TC39operates through a Github organization now and there are [several proposals](https://github.com/tc39/proposals) for new features or syntax to be added to the next versions of ECMAScript. Any one can go ahead and [submit a proposal](https://github.com/tc39/proposals) thus resulting in increasing the participation from the community. Every proposal goes through [four stages of maturity](https://tc39.github.io/process-document/) before it makes it into the specification. |
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And that about wraps it up. Feel free to leave your feedback in the comments section below. Also here are the links to original language specifications [ES6](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/), [ES7](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/7.0/) and [ES8](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/8.0/). |
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I have been working on redoing the [roadmaps](https://roadmap.sh) – splitting the skillset based on the seniority levels to make them easier to follow and not scare the new developers away. Since the roadmaps are going to be just about the technical knowledge, I thought it would be a good idea to reiterate and have an article on what I think of different seniority roles. |
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I have seen many organizations decide the seniority of developers by giving more significance to the years of experience than they should. I have seen developers labeled "Junior" doing the work of Senior Developers and I have seen "Lead" developers who weren't even qualified to be called "Senior". The seniority of a developer cannot just be decided by their age, years of experience or technical knowledge that they have got. There are other factors in play here -- their perception of work, how they interact with their peers and how they approach problems. We discuss these three key factors in detail for each of the seniority levels below. |
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### Different Seniority Titles |
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Different organizations might have different seniority titles but they mainly fall into three categories: |
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* Junior Developer |
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* Mid Level Developer |
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* Senior Developer |
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### Junior Developer |
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Junior developers are normally fresh graduates and either they don't have or they have minimal industry experience. Not only they have weak coding skills but also there are a few other things that give Junior developers away: |
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* Their main mantra is "making it work" without giving much attention to how the solution is achieved. To them a working software and good software are equivalent. |
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* They usually require very specific and structured directions to achieve something. They suffer from tunnel vision, need supervision and continuous guidance to be effective team members. |
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* Most of the Junior developers just try to live up to the role and when stuck they might leave work for a senior developer instead of at least trying to take a stab at something. |
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* They don't know about the business side of the company and don't realize how management /sales/marketing/ etc think and they don't realize how much rework, wasted effort, and end-user aggravation could be saved by getting to know the business domain. |
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* Over-engineering is a major problem, often leading to fragility and bugs. |
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* When given a problem, they often try to fix just the current problem a.k.a. fix the symptoms instead of fixing the root problem. |
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* You might notice "[Somebody Else's Problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_else%27s_problem)" from them. |
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* They don't know what or how much they don't know, thanks to [Dunning Kruger Effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect). |
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* They don't take initiatives and they might be afraid to work on an unfamiliar codebase. |
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* They don't participate in team discussions. |
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Being a Junior developer in the team is not necessarily a bad thing; since you are just starting, you are not expected to be a know-it-all person, however, it is your responsibility to learn, gain experience, not get stuck with the "Junior" title and improve yourself. Here are a few tips for Junior developers to help move up the ladder of seniority: |
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* All sorts of problems can be solved if you work on them long enough. Do not give up if Stack Overflow or an issue on GitHub doesn't have an answer. Saying "I am stuck, but I have tried X, Y, and Z. Do you have any pointers?" to your lead is much better than saying "this is beyond me". |
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* Read a lot of code, not just code in the projects that you are working on, but reference / framework source code, open-source. Ask your fellow developers, perhaps on Reddit also about the good opensource examples for the language/tools of your choice. |
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* Do the personal side-projects, share them with people, contribute to the opensource. Reach out to people for help - you will be surprised how much support you can get from the community. I still remember my first opensource project on GitHub from around 6 years ago which was a small PHP script (a library) that fetched details for a given address from Google's Geocoding API – the codebase was super messy, it did not have any tests, did not have any linters or sniffers, and it did not have any CI because I didn't know about any of this at that time. I am not sure how but one kind soul somehow found the project, forked it, refactored it, "modernized" it, added linting, code sniffing, added CI and opened the pull request. This one pull request taught me so many things that I might have never learned that fast on my own because I was still at college, working for a small service-based company and doing just small websites all on my own without knowing what is right and what is not. This one PR on GitHub was my introduction to opensource and I owe everything to that. |
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* Avoid what is known as ["Somebody Else's Problem Field"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_else%27s_problem) behavior. |
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* When given a problem to solve, try to identify the root cause and fix that instead of fixing the symptoms. And remember, not being able to reproduce means not solved. It is solved when you understand why it occurred and why it no longer does. |
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* Have respect for the code that was written before you. Be generous when passing judgment on the architecture or the design decisions made in the codebase. Understand that code is often ugly and weird for a reason other than incompetence. Learning to live with and thrive with legacy code is a great skill. Never assume anybody is stupid. Instead, figure out how these intelligent, well-intentioned and experienced people have come to a decision that is stupid now. Approach inheriting legacy code with an "opportunity mindset" rather than a complaining one. |
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* It's okay to not know things. You don't need to be ashamed of not knowing things already. There are no stupid questions, ask however many questions that would allow you to work effectively. |
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* Don't let yourself be limited by the job title that you have, keep working on your self-improvement. |
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* Do your homework, predict what’s coming down the pipe. Be involved in the team discussions, even if you are wrong you will learn something. |
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* Learn about the domain that you are working with. Understand the product end-to-end as an end-user. Do not assume things, ask questions and get things cleared when in doubt. |
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* Learn to communicate effectively - soft skills matter. Learn how to write good emails, how to present your work, how to phrase your questions in a thoughtful manner. |
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* Sit with the senior developers, watch them work, find a mentor. No one likes a know-it-all. Get hold of your ego and be humble enough to take lessons from experienced people. |
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* Don't just blindly follow the advice of "experts", take it with a grain of salt. |
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* If you are asked to provide an estimate for some work, do not give an answer unless you have all the details to make a reasonable estimate. If you are forced to do that then pad it 2x or more depending upon how much you don't know about what needs to be done for the task to be marked 'done'. |
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* Take some time to learn how to use a debugger. Debuggers are quite beneficial when navigating new, undocumented or poorly documented codebase, or to debug weird issues. |
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* Avoid saying "it works on my machine" -- yes, I have heard that a lot. |
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* Try to turn any feelings of inadequacy or imposter syndrome into energy to push yourself forward and increase your skills and knowledge. |
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### Mid Level Developers |
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The next level after the Junior developers is Mid Level developers. They are technically stronger than the Junior developers and can work with minimal supervision they still have some of the issues to address in order to jump to the Senior level. |
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Intermediate developers are more competent than the Junior developer, they start to see the flaws in their old codebase, they gain the knowledge but they get trapped into the next chain i.e. messing things up while trying to do them "the right way" e.g. hasty abstractions, overuse or unnecessary usage of Design Patterns -- they may be able to provide solution faster than the Junior developers but the solution might put you into another rabbit-hole in the long run. Without supervision, they might delay the execution while trying to "do things properly". They don't know when to make tradeoffs and they still don't know when to be dogmatic and when to be pragmatic. They can easily become attached to their solution, become myopic, and be unable to take feedback. |
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Mid-level developers are quite common, most of the organizations wrongly label them as "Senior Developers". However, they need further mentoring in order to become Senior Developers. The next section describes the responsibilities of a senior developer and how you can become one. |
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### Senior Developers |
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Senior developers are the next level after the Mid-level developers. They are the people who can get things done on their own without any supervision and without creating any issues down the road. They are more mature, have gained experience by delivering both good and bad software in the past and have learned from it - they know how to be pragmatic. Here is the list of things that are normally expected of a Senior Developer: |
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* With their past experiences, mistakes made, issues faced by over-designed or under-designed software, they can foresee the problems and persuade the direction of the codebase or the architecture. |
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* They don't have a "Shiny-Toy" syndrome. They are pragmatic in the execution. They can make the tradeoffs when required, and they know why. They know where to be dogmatic and where to be pragmatic. |
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* They have a good picture of the field, know what the best tool for the job is in most cases (even if they don't know the tool). They have the innate ability to pick up a new tool/ language / paradigm etc in order to solve a problem that requires it. |
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* They are aware they're on a team. They view it as a part of their responsibility to mentor others. This can range from pair programming with junior devs, to taking un-glorious tasks of writing docs or tests or whatever else needs to be done. |
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* They have a deep understanding of the domain - they know about the business side of the company and realize how management/sales/ marketing / etc think and benefit from their knowledge of the business domain during the development. |
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* They don't make empty complaints, they make judgments based on the empirical evidence and they have suggestions for solutions. |
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* They think much more than the code - they know that their job is providing solutions to the problems and not just writing code. |
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* They have the ability to take on large, ill-defined problems, define them, break them up, and execute the pieces. A senior developer can take something big and abstract and run with it. They will come up with a few options, discuss them with the team and implement them. |
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* They have respect for the code that was written before them. They are generous when passing judgment on the architecture or the design decisions made in the codebase. Approach inheriting legacy code with an "opportunity mindset" rather than a complaining one. |
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* They know how to give feedback without hurting anyone. |
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### Conclusion |
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All the teams are made up of a mix of all these seniority roles. Being content with your role is a bad thing and you should always strive to improve yourself for the next step. This article is based on my beliefs and observations in the industry, lots of companies care more for the years of experience to decide the seniority which is a crappy metric -- you don't gain experience just by spending years, you gain it by continuously solving different sorts of problems, irrespective of the number of years you spend in the industry. I have seen fresh graduates having no industry experience get up to speed quickly and producing work of a Senior Engineer and I have seen "Senior" developers labeled senior merely because of their age and "years of experience". |
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The most important traits that you need to have in order to step up in your career are to not settle for the mediocrity, have an open mindset, being humble, learn from your mistakes, work on the challenging problems and have an opportunity mindset rather than a complaining one. |
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With that said, this post comes to an end. What are your thoughts on the seniority of developers? Feel free to send improvements to this guide. Until next tim, stay tuned! |
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