@ -7,4 +7,3 @@ To achieve a degree of multiprogramming and proper utilization of memory, memory
Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [Demystifying memory management in modern programming languages](https://dev.to/deepu105/demystifying-memory-management-in-modern-programming-languages-ddd)
- [Memory Management in Operating System](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/memory-management-in-operating-system/)
In the code above, the variable `num` is statically typed as an `int`, `pi` is statically typed as a `double`, and `c` is statically typed as a `char`. If you attempt to assign the value of `pi` to `num`, the value `3.14159` will be converted to the integer `3` and assigned to `num`. Similarly, when the value of `num` is assigned to `c`, the compiler will convert the value `65` to its corresponding [ASCII](https://www.ascii-code.com) code, which is `A`.
@ -10,23 +10,21 @@ There are many tools available to monitor the performance of your application. S
Nmon is a fully interactive performance monitoring command-line utility tool for Linux. It is a benchmark tool that displays performance about the cpu, memory, network, disks, file system, nfs, top processes, resources, and power micro-partition.
The iostat command in Linux is used for monitoring system input/output statistics for devices and partitions. It monitors system input/output by observing the time the devices are active in relation to their average transfer rates. The iostat produce reports may be used to change the system configuration to raised balance the input/output between the physical disks.
Short for **S**ystem **A**ctivity **R**eport, `sar` is a command line tool for Unix and Unix-like operating systems that shows a report of different information about the usage and activity of resources in the operating system.
- [SAR command in Linux to monitor system performance](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sar-command-linux-monitor-system-performance/)
- [SAR Man Page](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/sar.1.html)
- [SAR Man Page 2](https://linux.die.net/man/1/sar)
- [Sar tutorial for beginners](https://linuxhint.com/sar_linux_tutorial/)
Short for **V**irtual **m**emory **stat**istic reporter, `vmstat` is a command line tool for Unix and Unix-like operating systems that reports various information about the operating system such as memory, paging, processes, I/O, CPU and disk usage.
- [vmstat command in Linux with Examples](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/vmstat-command-in-linux-with-examples/)
- [Linux commands: exploring virtual memory with vmstat](https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/linux-commands-vmstat)
- [VMstat Man Page](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/vmstat.8.html)
@ -16,12 +16,11 @@ Networking tools are used to troubleshoot network issues. They are also used to
`traceroute` command is a command in Linux that prints the route a network packet takes from its source (e.g. your computer) to the destination host (e.g., roadmap.sh). It is quite valuable in investigating slow network connections as it can help us spot the slow leg of the network packet journey through the internet.
- [How to Run Traceroute in Linux](https://linuxhint.com/run_traceroute_linux/)
- [Traceroute command in Linux with examples](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/traceroute-command-in-linux-with-examples/)
`ping` (**P**acket **In**ternet **G**roper) command is used to check the network connectivity between host and server/host. This command takes as input the IP address or the URL and sends a data packet to the specified address with the message “PING” and get a response from the server/host this time is recorded which is called latency.
- [What is ping command?](https://linuxize.com/post/linux-ping-command/)
- [ping command with examples](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ping-command-in-linux-with-examples/)
`mtr` combines the functionality of the traceroute and ping programs in a single network diagnostic tool.
@ -61,10 +60,7 @@ IPtables is a command-line firewall utility that uses policy chains to allow or
`dig` command stands for **D**omain **I**nformation **G**roper. It is used for retrieving information about DNS name servers. It is mostly used by network administrators for verifying and troubleshooting DNS problems and to perform DNS lookups. It replaces older tools such as `nslookup` and the `host`.
- [What is dig command?](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dig-command-in-linux-with-examples/)
- [More on dig](https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-use-dig-command-to-query-dns-in-linux/)
- [What is host command?](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/host-command-in-linux-with-examples/)
- [What is nslookup command?](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/nslookup-command-in-linux-with-examples/)
- [What is DNS?](https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/learning/dns/what-is-dns/)
`SCP` is an acronym for Secure Copy Protocol.It is a command line utility that allows the user to securely copy files and directories between two locations usually between unix or linux systems.The protocol ensures the transmission of files is encrypted to prevent anyone with suspicious intentions from getting sensitive information.`SCP` uses encryption over an `SSH` (Secure Shell) connection, this ensures that the data being transferred is protected from suspicious attacks.
@ -17,25 +17,21 @@ Some of the most common commands you will use in the terminal are text manipulat
`awk` is a general-purpose scripting language used for manipulating data or text and generating reports in the Linux world. It is mostly used for pattern scanning and processing. It searches one or more files to see if they contain lines that match the specified patterns and then performs the associated actions.
- [What is AWK? How to use it?](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/awk-command-unixlinux-examples/)
`sed`(**S**tream **Ed**itor) command in UNIX can perform lots of functions on file like searching, finding and replacing, insertion or deletion. By using SED you can edit files even without opening them in editors like [VI Editor](https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/introduction-vi-editor).
- [What is SED? with examples](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sed-command-in-linux-unix-with-examples/)
- [Linux Crash Course - The sed Command](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXLnx8ncZyE&t=218s)
The `grep` command (**g**lobal search for **r**egular **e**xpression and **p**rint out) searches file(s) for a particular pattern of characters, and displays all lines that contain that pattern. It can be used with other commands like `ps` making it more useful.
- [What is Grep? with examples](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/grep-command-in-unixlinux/)
- [Linux Crash Course - The grep Command](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tc_jntovCM0)
`sort` command is used to sort the contents of a file in a particular order. By default, it sorts a file assuming the contents are in ASCII. But it also can also be used to sort numerically by using appropriate options.
- [Sort command with examples](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sort-command-linuxunix-examples/)
`cat` (concatenate) command is very frequently used in Linux. It reads data from the file and gives its content as output. It helps us to create, view, and concatenate files.
Email is emerging as one of the most valuable services on the internet today. Most internet systems use SMTP as a method to transfer mail from one user to another. SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send the mail whereas POP (post office protocol) or IMAP (internet message access protocol) are used to retrieve those emails at the receiver’s side.
SMTP is an application layer protocol. The client who wants to send the mail opens a TCP connection to the SMTP server and then sends the mail across the connection. The SMTP server is an always-on listening mode. As soon as it listens for a TCP connection from any client, the SMTP process initiates a connection through port 25. After successfully establishing a TCP connection the client process sends the mail instantly.
Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [What is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)?](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/simple-mail-transfer-protocol-smtp/)
Object-oriented programming is a core of Java Programming, which is used for designing a program using classes and objects. This can also be characterized as data controlling for accessing the code.
@ -5,5 +5,4 @@ To make HTTP requests in Node.js, there is a built-in module HTTP in Node.js to
Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [How To Create a Web Server in Node.js with the HTTP Module](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-create-a-web-server-in-node-js-with-the-http-module)
- [Difference Between List, Tuple, Set and Dictionary in Python](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0krwG38SHI)
- [Differences and Applications of List, Tuple, Set and Dictionary in Python](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/differences-and-applications-of-list-tuple-set-and-dictionary-in-python/)
- [Tuples vs. Lists vs. Sets in Python](https://jerrynsh.com/tuples-vs-lists-vs-sets-in-python/)
- [Python for Beginners: Lists](https://thenewstack.io/python-for-beginners-lists/)
- [Python for Beginners: When and How to Use Tuples](https://thenewstack.io/python-for-beginners-when-and-how-to-use-tuples/)
@ -8,4 +8,3 @@ Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [Writing a Binary Search Tree in Python With Examples](https://blog.boot.dev/computer-science/binary-search-tree-in-python/)
- [How to Implement Binary Search Tree in Python](https://web.archive.org/web/20230601181553/https://www.section.io/engineering-education/implementing-binary-search-tree-using-python/)
- [Binary Search Tree in Python](https://www.pythonforbeginners.com/data-structures/binary-search-tree-in-python)
@ -8,7 +8,3 @@ Python is a multi-paradigm programming language, which means that it supports se
- Aspect-oriented programming: This paradigm is based on the idea of separating cross-cutting concerns from the main functionality of a program. Python does not have built-in support for aspect-oriented programming, but it can be achieved using libraries or language extensions.
Python's support for multiple paradigms makes it a versatile and flexible language, and it allows developers to choose the paradigm that best fits their needs.
Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [Programming Paradigms in Python](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/programming-paradigms-in-python/)
Sanity testing is a kind of Software Testing performed after receiving a software build, with minor changes in code, or functionality, to ascertain that the bugs have been fixed and no further issues are introduced due to these changes. The goal is to determine that the proposed functionality works roughly as expected. If sanity test fails, the build is rejected to save the time and costs involved in a more rigorous testing.
Kamran Ahmed
6 months ago