Add docker roadmpa

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/100-introduction/100-what-are-containers.md

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+# What are Containers?
+
+Containers are lightweight, portable, and isolated software environments that allow developers to run and package applications with their dependencies, consistently across different platforms. They help to streamline application development, deployment, and management processes while ensuring that applications run consistently, regardless of the underlying infrastructure.
+
+## How do containers work?
+
+Unlike traditional virtualization, which emulates a complete operating system with its hardware resources, containers share the host's OS kernel and leverage lightweight virtualization techniques to create isolated processes. This approach leads to several benefits, including:
+
+- **Efficiency**: Containers have less overhead and can share common libraries and executable files, making it possible to run more containers on a single host compared to virtual machines (VMs).
+- **Portability**: Containers encapsulate applications and their dependencies, so they can easily be moved and run across different environments and platforms consistently.
+- **Fast startup**: Since containers don't need to boot a full OS, they can start up and shut down much faster than VMs.
+- **Consistency**: Containers provide a consistent environment for development, testing, and production stages of an application, reducing the "it works on my machine" problem.
+
+## Containers and Docker
+
+Docker is a platform that simplifies the process of creating, deploying, and managing containers. It provides developers and administrators with a set of tools and APIs to manage containerized applications. With Docker, you can build and package application code, libraries, and dependencies into a container image, which can be distributed and run consistently in any environment that supports Docker.
+
+Some key components of the Docker platform include:
+
+- **Docker Engine**: The core component responsible for building, shipping, and running containerized applications.
+- **Docker Images**: Read-only templates that contain the application code, runtime, libraries, and all necessary dependencies.
+- **Docker Containers**: Instances of Docker Images that run the packaged application in isolated environments.
+- **Docker Hub**: A public registry that hosts Docker images, allowing developers to share and distribute their containerized applications.
+
+## Recap
+
+Containers provide a lightweight, portable, and consistent way to package and deploy applications. They help in reducing the complexities associated with managing dependencies, improving resource efficiency, and simplifying application management. Docker is a popular platform that makes it easy to create and manage containers in various environments, providing a consistent and efficient solution for modern application development and deployment.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/100-introduction/101-need-for-containers.md

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+# Need for Containers
+
+In the world of software development and deployment, consistency and efficiency are crucial. Before containers came into the picture, developers often faced challenges when deploying applications across different environments. Here, we discuss the need for containers and why they have become essential in modern software development.
+
+### Challenges with Traditional Deployment Methods
+
+- **Inconsistent environments:** Developers often work in different environments which might have different configurations and libraries compared to production servers. This leads to compatibility issues in deploying applications.
+
+- **Inefficient resource utilization:** Virtual Machines (VMs) were widely used to overcome environment inconsistency. However, VMs require an entire OS to be running for each application, making the resource utilization inefficient.
+
+- **Slow processes and scalability issues:** Traditional deployment methods have a slower time to market and scaling difficulties, which hinders fast delivery of software updates.
+
+### How Containers Address These Challenges
+
+- **Consistent environment:** Containers solve environment inconsistencies by bundling an application and its dependencies, configurations, and libraries into a single container. This guarantees that the application runs smoothly across different environments.
+
+- **Efficient resource utilization:** Unlike VMs, containers share underlying system resources and OS kernel, which makes them lightweight and efficient. Containers are designed to use fewer resources and boot up faster, improving resource utilization.
+
+- **Faster processes and scalability:** Containers can be easily created, destroyed, and replaced, leading to faster development and deployment cycles. Scaling applications becomes easier as multiple containers can be deployed without consuming significant resources.
+
+Overall, containers have become an essential tool for organizations that want to respond quickly to market changes, improve resource efficiency, and ensure reliable and consistent software delivery. They have revolutionized modern software development practices and have long-lasting impact in the world of deployment and application management.
+
+In the following sections of this guide, we will explore more about containers, and especially focus on Docker, a leading container platform.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/100-introduction/102-bare-metal-vm-containers.md

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+# Bare Metal VM Containers
+
+In this section, we will discuss **bare metal VM containers**, which are virtual machines running directly on the hardware without a hypervisor. This type of container provides better performance compared to traditional virtualization methods, as it eliminates the overhead typically associated with hypervisors.
+
+## How bare metal VM containers work
+
+Bare metal VM containers, also known as container runtimes, are designed to run multiple isolated operating system instances directly on the host's hardware, without the need for a

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/100-introduction/103-docker-and-oci.md

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+# Docker and OCI
+
+In this section, we will discuss the relationship between Docker and the Open Container Initiative (OCI), as well as the important role they play in the container ecosystem.
+
+### Open Container Initiative
+
+The [Open Container Initiative (OCI)](https://opencontainers.org/) is a Linux Foundation project which aims at creating industry standards for container formats and runtimes. Its primary goal is to ensure the compatibility and interoperability of container environments through defined technical specifications.
+
+### Docker's role in OCI
+
+[Docker](https://www.docker.com/) is one of the founding members of the OCI, and it has played a pivotal role in shaping the standards for container formats and runtimes. Docker initially developed the container runtime (Docker Engine) and image format (Docker Image) that serve as the basis for OCI specifications.
+
+### OCI Specifications
+
+OCI has two main specifications:
+
+- **Runtime Specification (runtime-spec):** It defines the specification for executing a container via an isolation technology, like a container engine. The container runtime built by Docker, called 'containerd', has guided the development of the OCI runtime-spec.
+
+- **Image Specification (image-spec):** It defines the container image format, which describes the contents of a container and can be run by a compliant runtime. Docker's initial image format has led to the creation of the OCI image-spec.
+
+### Compatibility between Docker and OCI
+
+Docker remains committed to supporting the OCI specifications and, since its involvement in OCI, has continuously updated its software to be compliant with OCI standards. Docker's containerd runtime and image format are fully compatible with OCI specifications, enabling Docker containers to be run by other OCI-compliant container runtimes and vice versa.
+
+### Conclusion
+
+In summary, Docker and the Open Container Initiative work together to maintain standardization and compatibility within the container industry. Docker has played a significant role in the development of the OCI specifications, ensuring that the container ecosystem remains healthy, interoperable, and accessible to a wide range of users and platforms across the industry.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/100-introduction/index.md

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+# Introduction
+
+In this introductory section, we will discuss the basics of Docker, a powerful platform used by developers and system administrators to simplify the deployment and management of applications within containers. This guide aims to provide a clear understanding of Docker's key concepts, its benefits, and how it can improve your application development and deployment process.
+
+## What is Docker?
+
+Docker is an open-source platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of applications by isolating them into lightweight, portable containers. Containers are standalone executable units that encapsulate all necessary dependencies, libraries, and configuration files required for an application to run consistently across various environments.
+
+## Why Use Docker?
+
+- **Consistent environments:** Docker containers ensure a consistent environment for both development and production, eliminating the "works on my machine" problem.
+- **Isolation and security:** Containers isolate applications from each other, reducing security risks and simplifying dependency management.
+- **Portability:** Containerized applications can be effortlessly moved across environments and platforms.
+- **Scalability:** Docker makes it easy to create and manage multiple instances of an application, simplifying scaling and load balancing.
+- **Resource-efficient:** Containers share the host operating system's resources, making them more efficient than traditional virtual machines.
+
+## Key Components
+
+- **Docker Engine:** The core component responsible for building and running containers.
+- **Docker Images:** Immutable snapshots of the container's file system, serving as a blueprint for creating a container.
+- **Docker Containers:** Running instances of Docker images, which can be started, stopped, and restarted.
+- **Dockerfile:** A text file containing instructions to build a Docker image from scratch or modify an existing one.
+- **Docker Volumes:** A way to persist data across container restarts and share data between containers.
+- **Docker Compose:** A tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications using a YAML configuration file.
+
+Throughout this guide, we will dive deeper into these concepts and explore various use-cases of Docker, helping you become proficient in containerization and application deployment. So, let's get started!

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/101-underlying-technologies/100-namespaces.md

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+# Namespaces
+
+Namespaces are one of the core technologies that Docker uses to provide isolation between containers. In this section, we'll briefly discuss what namespaces are and how they work.
+
+### What are Namespaces?
+
+In the Linux kernel, namespaces are a feature that allows the isolation of various system resources, making it possible for a process and its children to have a view of a subset of the system that is separate from other processes. Namespaces help to create an abstraction layer to keep containerized processes separate from one another and from the host system.
+
+There are several types of namespaces in Linux, including:
+
+- **PID (Process IDs)**: Isolates the process ID number space, which means that processes within a container only see their own processes, not those on the host or in other containers.
+- **Network (NET)**: Provides each container with a separate view of the network stack, including its own network interfaces, routing tables, and firewall rules.
+- **Mount (MNT)**: Isolates the file system mount points in such a way that each container has its own root file system, and mounted resources appear only within that container.
+- **UTS (UNIX Time Sharing System)**: Allows each container to have its own hostname and domain name, separate from other containers and the host system.
+- **User (USER)**: Maps user and group identifiers between the container and the host, so different permissions can be set for resources within the container.
+- **IPC (Inter-Process Communication)**: Allows or restricts the communication between processes in different containers.
+
+### How Docker uses Namespaces
+
+Docker uses namespaces to create isolated environments for containers. When a container is started, Docker creates a new set of namespaces for that container. These namespaces only apply within the container, so any processes running inside the container have access to a subset of system resources that are isolated from other containers as well as the host system.
+
+By leveraging namespaces, Docker ensures that containers are truly portable and can run on any system without conflicts or interference from other processes or containers running on the same host.
+
+In summary, namespaces provide a level of resource isolation that enables running multiple containers with separate system resources within the same host, without them interfering with each other. This is a critical feature that forms the backbone of Docker's container technology.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/101-underlying-technologies/101-cgroups.md

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+# cgroups
+
+**cgroups** or **control groups** is a Linux kernel feature that allows you to allocate and manage resources, such as CPU, memory, network bandwidth, and I/O, among groups of processes running on a system. It plays a crucial role in providing resource isolation and limiting the resources that a running container can use.
+
+Docker utilizes cgroups to enforce resource constraints on containers, allowing them to have a consistent and predictable behavior. Below are some of the key features and benefits of cgroups in the context of Docker containers:
+
+### Resource Isolation
+
+cgroups helps to confine each container to a specific set of resources, ensuring fair sharing of system resources among multiple containers. This enables better isolation between different containers, so that a misbehaving container does not consume all available resources, thereby negatively affecting other containers.
+
+### Limiting Resources
+
+With cgroups, you can set limits on various system resources used by a container, such as CPU, memory, and I/O. This helps to prevent a single container from consuming excessive resources and causing performance issues for other containers or the host system.
+
+### Prioritizing Containers
+
+By allocating different shares of resources, cgroups allows you to give preference or priority to certain containers. This can be useful in scenarios where some containers are more critical than others, or during high resource contention situations.
+
+### Monitoring
+
+cgroups also offers mechanisms for monitoring the resource usage of individual containers, which helps to gain insights into container performance and identify potential resource bottlenecks.
+
+Overall, cgroups is an essential underlying technology in Docker. By leveraging cgroups, Docker provides a robust and efficient container runtime environment, ensuring the containers have the required resources while maintaining good overall system performance.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/101-underlying-technologies/102-union-filesystems.md

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+# Union Filesystems
+
+Union filesystems, also known as UnionFS, play a crucial role in the overall functioning of Docker. In this section, we will discuss what union filesystems are and how they contribute to the seamless operation of Docker containers.
+
+## Overview
+
+A union filesystem is a unique type of filesystem that creates a virtual, layered file structure by overlaying multiple directories. Instead of modifying the original file system or merging directories, UnionFS enables the simultaneous mounting of multiple directories on a single mount point while keeping their contents separate. This feature is especially beneficial in the context of Docker, as it allows us to manage and optimize storage performance by minimizing duplication and reducing the container image size.
+
+## Key Features of Union Filesystems
+
+These are some of the essential features of union filesystems:
+
+- **Layered Structure**: UnionFS builds a layered structure consisting of multiple read-only layers and a top writable layer. This structure enables efficient handling of changes by only updating the writable layer, while the read-only layers preserve the original data.
+
+- **Copy-on-Write**: The copy-on-write (COW) mechanism is an indispensable feature of UnionFS. If a container makes changes to an existing file, the system creates a copy of the file in the writable layer, leaving the original file in the read-only layer untouched. This process restricts modification to the topmost layer, ensuring a fast and resource-efficient operation.
+
+- **Resource Sharing**: Union filesystems allow multiple containers to share common base layers while running separately. This feature prevents resource duplication and saves significant storage space.
+
+- **Fast Container Initialization**: Union filesystems make it possible to create new containers instantly by merely creating a new writable layer on existing read-only layers. This quick initialization reduces the overhead of duplicated file operations, ultimately improving performance.
+
+## Popular Union Filesystems in Docker
+
+Docker supports multiple union filesystems that facilitate building and managing containers. Some of the popular options include:
+
+- [**AUFS (Advanced Multi-Layered Unification Filesystem)**](http://aufs.sourceforge.net/): AUFS is widely used as a Docker storage driver, enabling efficient management of multiple layers.
+- [**OverlayFS (Overlay Filesystem)**](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/filesystems/overlayfs.html): OverlayFS is another union filesystem supported by Docker. It uses a simplified approach compared to AUFS to create and manage overlayed directories.
+- [**Btrfs (B-Tree Filesystem)**](https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page): Btrfs, a modern file system, offers compatibility with union filesystems in addition to advanced storage features like snapshots and checksumming.
+- [**ZFS (Z File System)**](https://zfsonlinux.org/): ZFS is a high-capacity and robust storage platform that provides union filesystem features along with data protection, compression, and deduplication.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Union filesystems play an integral role in the Docker ecosystem, enabling the creation of layered structures that facilitate efficient container operations, storage management, and optimization. By understanding the underlying technologies and concepts, such as layered organization and copy-on-write, you can effectively harness the power of union filesystems to manage and optimize container images.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/101-underlying-technologies/index.md

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+# Underlying Technologies
+
+In this section, we will discuss the core technologies that power Docker. Understanding these technologies will provide you with a deeper insight into how Docker works and will help you use the platform more effectively.
+
+## Linux Containers (LXC)
+
+Linux Containers (LXC) serve as the foundation for Docker. LXC is a lightweight virtualization solution that allows multiple isolated Linux systems to run on a single host without the need for a full-fledged hypervisor. LXC effectively isolates applications and their dependencies in a secure and optimized manner.
+
+## Control Groups (cgroups)
+
+Control Groups (cgroups) is a Linux kernel feature that allows the allocation and management of resources like CPU, memory, and I/O to a set of processes. Docker leverages cgroups to limit the resources used by containers and ensure that one container does not monopolize the resources of the host system.
+
+## Union File Systems (UnionFS)
+
+UnionFS is a file system service that allows the overlaying of multiple file systems in a single, unified view. Docker uses UnionFS to create a layered approach for images and containers, which enables better sharing of common files and faster container creation.
+
+## Namespaces
+
+Namespaces are another Linux kernel feature that provides process isolation. They allow Docker to create isolated workspaces called containers. Namespaces ensure that processes within a container cannot interfere with processes outside the container or on the host system. There are several types of namespaces, like PID, NET, MNT, and USER, each responsible for isolating a different aspect of a process.
+
+## Docker Engine
+
+Docker Engine is the core component that builds and runs containers. It is a lightweight runtime and management tool that communicates with the Linux kernel using an API to create and operate containers. Docker Engine understands both Dockerfile instructions and Docker commands.
+
+## Docker Hub
+
+Docker Hub is a cloud-based registry service that allows users to store and share Docker images. This centralized repository is used to distribute existing pre-built images and to share custom-built images with other developers. Public and private repositories are available on Docker Hub, depending on your needs.
+
+In summary, Docker's underlying technologies like LXC, cgroups, UnionFS, and namespaces work together to provide a lightweight, flexible, and consistent environment for deploying applications. Understanding these core technologies will enable you to harness the full power of Docker in your development workflow.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/102-installation-setup/100-docker-desktop.md

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+# Docker Desktop
+
+Docker Desktop is an easy-to-install application that enables developers to quickly set up a Docker environment on their desktop machines. It is available for both Windows and macOS operating systems. Docker Desktop is designed to simplify the process of managing and running Docker containers, providing a user-friendly interface and seamless integration with the host operating system.
+
+### Features
+
+- **Ease of installation**: Docker Desktop provides a straightforward installation process, allowing users to quickly set up Docker on their machines.
+- **Automatic updates**: The application will automatically update to the latest version of Docker, ensuring that your environment stays up-to-date and secure.
+- **Docker Hub integration**: The Docker Desktop interface allows for easy access to Docker Hub, enabling users to find, share and manage Docker images.
+- **Containers and Services management**: Docker Desktop simplifies container and service management with a user-friendly GUI that allows users to monitor, start, stop and delete containers and services.
+- **Kubernetes integration**: Docker Desktop comes with built-in Kubernetes support, which can be enabled with just a click. This makes it easier to develop, test and run Kubernetes applications locally.
+- **Resource allocation**: Docker Desktop allows users to configure the amount of resources (CPU, memory, and storage) allocated to containers and services.
+
+### Installation
+
+To install Docker Desktop on your machine, follow these steps:
+
+- **Download the installer**: You can download the installer for your operating system from the [Docker Desktop website](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop). Make sure to choose the appropriate version (Windows or Mac).
+- **Run the installer**: Double-click on the downloaded installer file and follow the setup wizard to complete the installation process.
+- **Launch Docker Desktop**: Once the installation is complete, start Docker Desktop and sign in with your Docker Hub account. If you don't have an account, you can sign up for a free account on the [Docker Hub website](https://hub.docker.com/).
+- **Verify installation**: Open a terminal or command prompt and run the following command to verify that Docker Desktop has been installed correctly:
+
+   ```bash
+   docker --version
+   ```
+   If the installation was successful, the command should output the Docker version information.
+
+### Getting Started
+
+After installing Docker Desktop, you can start using Docker right away. Here are a few resources to help you get started:
+
+- [Docker Desktop Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/desktop/): Official documentation for Docker Desktop, including installation instructions and product features.
+- [Docker Get Started Guide](https://docs.docker.com/get-started/): A beginner-friendly tutorial that covers the basics of Docker and how to use it to build, share, and run containerized applications.
+- [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/): A repository of Docker images that can be downloaded and used in your own projects. Docker Hub is also integrated directly into Docker Desktop for easy access.
+
+Now that you have a basic understanding of Docker Desktop, you can continue exploring its features and benefits as a part of your Docker learning journey. Happy containerizing!

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/102-installation-setup/101-docker-engine.md

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+# Docker Engine
+
+Docker Engine is the core component of the Docker platform which allows you to build, ship, and run applications and services in containers. It is a lightweight runtime and a powerful building tool that is designed to simplify the task of application development and deployment.
+
+### Docker Engine Components
+
+The Docker Engine consists of three main components:
+
+- **Docker Daemon (dockerd)**: This is the main part of the Docker Engine that is responsible for running and managing containers on your host server. It listens for Docker API requests and creates, starts, stops, or removes containers.
+
+- **Docker REST API**: Docker Engine exposes an API that allows you to interact with the Docker Daemon. This powerful interface allows you to interact with the Docker system, control container behavior, and access various Docker features using any programming language or application capable of sending HTTP requests.
+
+- **Docker CLI (Command Line Interface)**: The Docker CLI is a command-line tool that provides a convenient and user-friendly way to interact with the Docker REST API. Using the Docker CLI, you can issue commands to build, start, stop, and manage containers, networks, and volumes, among other things.
+
+### Docker Engine Editions
+
+Docker Engine comes in two main editions, each catering to the specific needs of different developers and organizations:
+
+- **Community Edition (CE)**: This edition is designed for individual developers and small teams who want to get started with Docker in their environment. It offers the essential features for building and running containers and is available for free use.
+
+- **Enterprise Edition (EE)**: This edition is designed for large organizations and offers more features, including advanced security, enhanced management, and support. It is available as a subscription-based service, with various support tiers to meet the needs of different organization sizes and requirements.
+
+### Platforms and Architectures
+
+Docker Engine is available for various platforms and architectures, making it an excellent choice for cross-platform development and deployment. The most common platforms supported by Docker Engine include Linux distributions (such as Ubuntu, CentOS, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux), Windows Server, and macOS.
+
+By leveraging the Docker Engine, you can ensure a consistent development environment and a predictable deployment experience, regardless of the underlying infrastructure. This flexibility and portability are among the main reasons why Docker has become such a popular choice among developers and IT professionals.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/102-installation-setup/index.md

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+# Installation Setup
+
+In this section, we'll discuss the necessary steps to setup Docker on your machine. We'll cover the installation process for various platforms including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
+
+### Windows
+
+If you are using Windows, Docker provides a desktop application called **Docker Desktop** that simplifies the installation and setup process. Here are the steps to install Docker Desktop on Windows:
+
+- Download the installer from the official [Docker Desktop website](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop).
+- Run the installer and follow the on-screen instructions.
+- Restart your computer after the installation is complete.
+- Launch Docker Desktop from the Start menu.
+
+_NOTE: Docker Desktop requires Windows 10 Pro, Enterprise or Education edition._
+
+### macOS
+
+For macOS users, Docker also provides a desktop application called **Docker Desktop** which makes the installation and setup process hassle-free. Follow these steps to install Docker Desktop on macOS:
+
+- Download the installer from the official [Docker Desktop website](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop).
+- Open the downloaded `.dmg` file and follow the on-screen instructions.
+- After successfully installing the application, launch "Docker Desktop" from the Applications folder.
+
+### Linux
+
+Linux users can install Docker using their respective package manager. Below, we'll provide installation instructions for some popular distributions. For other distributions, refer to the [official Docker documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/).
+
+#### Ubuntu
+
+Run the following commands in the terminal to install Docker on Ubuntu:
+
+```bash
+sudo apt-get update
+sudo apt-get install docker.io
+```
+
+#### Fedora
+
+Install Docker on Fedora using the `dnf` command:
+
+```bash
+sudo dnf update
+sudo dnf install docker
+```
+
+#### CentOS
+
+To install Docker on CentOS, run the following commands:
+
+```bash
+sudo yum update
+sudo yum install docker
+```
+
+### Post-Installation Steps
+
+After successfully installing Docker, it's essential to perform some post-installation steps to manage Docker as a non-root user and ensure that it starts on system boot.
+
+For Linux users, follow the [post-installation steps](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/linux-postinstall/) provided in the official Docker documentation.
+
+Windows and macOS users can configure Docker Desktop settings, such as memory and CPU allocation, by right-clicking the Docker icon in the system tray and selecting "Preferences" or "Settings".

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/103-docker-basics.md

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+# Docker Basics
+
+Docker is a platform that simplifies the process of building, packaging, and deploying applications in lightweight, portable containers. In this section, we'll cover the basics of Docker, its components, and key commands you'll need to get started.
+
+#### What is a Container?
+
+A container is a lightweight, standalone, and executable software package that includes all the dependencies (libraries, binaries, and configuration files) required to run an application. Containers isolate applications from their environment, ensuring they work consistently across different systems.
+
+#### Docker Components
+
+There are three key components in the Docker ecosystem:
+
+- **Dockerfile**: A text file containing instructions (commands) to build a Docker image.
+- **Docker Image**: A snapshot of a container, created from a Dockerfile. Images are stored in a registry, like Docker Hub, and can be pulled or pushed to the registry.
+- **Docker Container**: A running instance of a Docker image.
+
+#### Docker Commands
+
+Below are some essential Docker commands you'll use frequently:
+
+- `docker pull <image>`: Download an image from a registry, like Docker Hub.
+- `docker build -t <image_name> <path>`: Build an image from a Dockerfile, where `<path>` is the directory containing the Dockerfile.
+- `docker images`: List all images available on your local machine.
+- `docker run -d -p <host_port>:<container_port> --name <container_name> <image>`: Run a container from an image, mapping host ports to container ports.
+- `docker ps`: List all running containers.
+- `docker stop <container>`: Stop a running container.
+- `docker rm <container>`: Remove a stopped container.
+- `docker rmi <image>`: Remove an image from your local machine.
+
+#### Conclusion
+
+In this section, we covered the basics of Docker, including containers, components, and essential commands. With this foundation, you can begin building and deploying applications using Docker. Make sure to consult the [official Docker documentation](https://docs.docker.com/) for comprehensive information and best practices.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/104-data-persistence/100-ephemeral-container-fs.md

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+# Ephemeral Container FS
+
+In this section, we'll discuss the concept of **Ephemeral Container File System (FS)** and its implications on data persistence in Docker.
+
+### Ephemeral FS
+
+By default, the storage within a Docker container is ephemeral, meaning that any data changes or modifications made inside a container will only persist as long as the container is running. Once the container is stopped and removed, all the associated data will be lost. This is because Docker containers are designed to be stateless by nature.
+
+This temporary or short-lived storage is called the "ephemeral container file system". It is an essential feature of Docker, as it enables fast and consistent deployment of applications across different environments without worrying about the state of a container.
+
+### Ephemeral FS and Data Persistence
+
+As any data stored within the container's ephemeral FS is lost when the container is stopped or removed, it poses a challenge to data persistence in applications. This is especially problematic for applications like databases, which require data to be persisted across multiple container life cycles.
+
+To overcome these challenges, Docker provides several methods for data persistence, such as:
+
+- **Volumes**: A Docker managed storage option, stored outside the container's FS, allowing data to be persisted across container restarts and removals.
+- **Bind mounts**: Mapping a host machine's directory or file into a container, effectively sharing host's storage with the container.
+- **tmpfs mounts**: In-memory storage, useful for cases where just the persistence of data within the life-cycle of the container is required.
+
+By implementing these strategies, Docker ensures that application data can be preserved beyond the life-cycle of a single container, making it possible to work with stateful applications.
+
+### Key Takeaways
+
+- "Ephemeral Container FS" refers to the temporary and short-lived storage within a Docker container.
+- By default, any data stored within the container's ephemeral FS is lost when the container is stopped or removed.
+- Docker provides options like volumes, bind mounts, and tmpfs mounts to ensure data persistence beyond a container's life-cycle.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/104-data-persistence/101-volume-mounts.md

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+# Volume Mounts
+
+Volume mounts are a key feature in Docker that helps in managing and persisting data generated by and used by containers. In this section, we will discuss the concept of volume mounts and how to use them with Docker containers.
+
+### What are Volume Mounts
+
+Volume mounts are a way to map a folder or file on the host system to a folder or file inside a container. This allows the data to persist outside the container even when the container is removed. Additionally, multiple containers can share the same volume, making data sharing between containers easy.
+
+### Creating a Volume
+
+To create a volume in Docker, you need to run the following command:
+
+```
+docker volume create my-volume
+```
+
+This command will create a volume named `my-volume`. You can inspect the details of the created volume using the command:
+
+```
+docker volume inspect my-volume
+```
+
+### Mounting a Volume in a Container
+
+To mount a volume to a container, you need to use the `-v` or `--mount` flag while running the container. Here's an example:
+
+Using `-v` flag:
+
+```
+docker run -d -v my-volume:/data your-image
+```
+
+Using `--mount` flag:
+
+```
+docker run -d --mount source=my-volume,destination=/data your-image
+```
+
+In both examples above, `my-volume` is the name of the volume we created earlier, and `/data` is the path inside the container where the volume will be mounted.
+
+### Sharing Volumes Between Containers
+
+To share a volume between multiple containers, simply mount the same volume on multiple containers. Here's how to share `my-volume` between two containers running different images:
+
+```
+docker run -d -v my-volume:/data1 image1
+docker run -d -v my-volume:/data2 image2
+```
+
+In this example, `image1` and `image2` would have access to the same data stored in `my-volume`.
+
+### Removing a Volume
+
+To remove a volume, you can use the `docker volume rm` command followed by the volume name:
+
+```
+docker volume rm my-volume
+```
+
+**Note**: Removing a volume will delete all the data stored inside the volume. Make sure to backup the data beforehand.
+
+That's it! Now you have a basic understanding of volume mounts in Docker. You can use them to persist and share data between your containers efficiently and securely.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/104-data-persistence/102-bind-mounts.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Bind Mounts
+
+**Bind mounts** are a powerful and flexible mechanism for data persistence in Docker containers. This type of mount effectively maps a specific directory or file from the host system to a specified location within the container. By doing so, the container can read and write data on the host file system, making it possible to preserve state and transfer data between containers or even different hosts.
+
+### How to Use Bind Mounts
+
+When creating a new container, bind mounts can be specified using the `-v` or `--volume` option followed by a colon-separated pair of paths. The first path is the source directory or file on the host system, and the second path is the target location within the container. For example:
+
+```
+docker run -d -v /path/on/host:/path/in/container my-image
+```
+
+### Advantages of Bind Mounts
+
+- **Flexibility**: Bind mounts can be used to share entire directories, single files, or specific file system subtrees between the host and the container.
+- **Performance**: Since bind mounts don't rely on network file systems, they generally provide better performance, especially for operations that involve heavy file I/O or random access.
+- **Ease of use**: By directly mapping host paths into the container, bind mounts offer a simple and familiar way to manage data persistence and sharing between containers.
+
+### Disadvantages of Bind Mounts
+
+- **Host file system dependency**: As bind mounts directly rely on the host file system, they introduce tight coupling between the container and the host. This can create issues when attempting to move containers to different hosts or platforms, especially if files and directories have specific ownership or permissions requirements.
+- **Security**: By exposing parts of the host file system to the container, bind mounts can introduce potential security risks. It's important to consider the permissions and visibility of the host data you expose to containers.
+
+While bind mounts are a useful tool for managing container data, they are not the only option available. In some cases, using Docker volumes or other tools and strategies may be a better choice for data persistence. Remember to consider the specific requirements and constraints of your application when deciding on a persistence mechanism.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/104-data-persistence/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Data Persistence in Docker
+
+Docker enables you to run containers that are isolated pieces of code, including applications and their dependencies, separated from the host operating system. Containers are ephemeral by default, which means any data stored in the container will be lost once it is terminated. To overcome this problem and retain data across container lifecycles, Docker provides various data persistence methods.
+
+In this section, we will cover:
+
+- [Docker Volumes](#docker-volumes)
+- [Bind Mounts](#bind-mounts)
+- [Docker tmpfs mounts](#docker-tmpfs-mounts)
+
+### Docker Volumes
+
+Docker volumes are the preferred way to persist data generated and utilized by a Docker container. A volume is a directory on the host machine Docker uses to store files and directories that can outlive the container's lifecycle. Docker volumes can be shared among containers, and they offer various benefits like easy backups and data migration.
+
+To create a volume, use the following command:
+
+```bash
+docker volume create volume_name
+```
+
+To use a volume, add a `--volume` (or `-v`) flag to your `docker run` command:
+
+```bash
+docker run --volume volume_name:/container/path image_name
+```
+
+### Bind Mounts
+
+Bind mounts allow you to map any directory on the host machine to a directory within the container. This method can be useful in development environments where you need to modify files on the host system, and those changes should be immediately available within the container.
+
+To create a bind mount, use the `--mount` flag with `type=bind` in your `docker run` command:
+
+```bash
+docker run --mount type=bind,src=/host/path,dst=/container/path image_name
+```
+
+### Docker tmpfs mounts
+
+Docker tmpfs mounts allow you to create a temporary file storage directly in the container's memory. Data stored in tmpfs mounts is fast and secure but will be lost once the container is terminated.
+
+To use a tmpfs mount, add a `--tmpfs` flag to your `docker run` command:
+
+```bash
+docker run --tmpfs /container/path image_name
+```
+
+By employing these methods, you can ensure data persistence across container lifecycles, enhancing the usefulness and flexibility of Docker containers. Remember to choose the method that best suits your use case, whether it's the preferred Docker volumes, convenient bind mounts, or fast and secure tmpfs mounts.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/105-using-third-party-images/100-databases.md

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# Using Third Party Images: Databases
+
+Databases are an essential component of many applications and services. In this section, we'll discuss how to use third party images for databases within your Docker projects.
+
+### Overview
+
+Running your database in a Docker container can help streamline your development process and ease deployment. Docker Hub provides numerous pre-made images for popular databases such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB.
+
+### Example: Using MySQL Image
+
+To use a MySQL database, search for the official image on Docker Hub:
+
+```
+docker search mysql
+```
+
+Find the official image, and pull it:
+
+```
+docker pull mysql
+```
+
+Now, you can run a MySQL container. Specify the required environment variables, such as `MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD`, and optionally map the container's port to your host machine:
+
+```
+docker run --name some-mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=my-secret-pw -p 3306:3306 -d mysql
+```
+
+This command creates a new container named `some-mysql`, sets the root password to `my-secret-pw`, and maps port 3306 on the host to port 3306 on the container.
+
+To connect to the database from another container, use the `--link` flag:
+
+```
+docker run --name some-app --link some-mysql:mysql -d my-app
+```
+
+### Example: Using PostgreSQL Image
+
+For PostgreSQL, follow similar steps to those outlined above. First, search for the official image:
+
+```
+docker search postgres
+```
+
+Pull the image:
+
+```
+docker pull postgres
+```
+
+Run a PostgreSQL container, specifying environment variables such as `POSTGRES_PASSWORD`:
+
+```
+docker run --name some-postgres -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=my-secret-pw -p 5432:5432 -d postgres
+```
+
+Link the container to another container to allow communication:
+
+```
+docker run --name some-app --link some-postgres:postgres -d my-app
+```
+
+### Example: Using MongoDB Image
+
+Running a MongoDB container with Docker follows a similar pattern as previous examples. Search for the official image:
+
+```
+docker search mongo
+```
+
+Pull the image:
+
+```
+docker pull mongo
+```
+
+Run a MongoDB container:
+
+```
+docker run --name some-mongo -p 27017:27017 -d mongo
+```
+
+Link the container to another container:
+
+```
+docker run --name some-app --link some-mongo:mongo -d my-app
+```
+
+### Conclusion
+
+Docker makes it easy to use third-party images for databases, streamlining your development process and ensuring a consistent environment for your applications. This guide demonstrated examples of using MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB, but many other database images are available on Docker Hub.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/105-using-third-party-images/101-interactive-test-environments.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Interactive Test Environments with Docker
+
+In this section, we will discuss how to use Docker for setting up interactive test environments. Interactive test environments are useful when you want to explore and test software in isolated, controlled spaces without affecting your local machine.
+
+## Why use Docker for Interactive Test Environments?
+
+Docker allows you to create isolated, disposable environments that can be deleted once you're done with testing. This makes it much easier to work with third party software, test different dependencies or versions, and quickly experiment without the risk of damaging your local setup.
+
+## Creating an Interactive Test Environment with Docker
+
+To demonstrate how to setup an interactive test environment, let's use the popular Python programming language as an example. We will use a public Python image available on [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/_/python).
+
+- To start an interactive test environment using the Python image, simply run the following command:
+
+```bash
+docker run -it --rm python
+```
+
+Here, `-it` flag ensures that you're running the container in interactive mode with a tty, and `--rm` flag will remove the container once it is stopped.
+
+- You should now be inside an interactive Python shell within the container. You can execute any Python command or install additional packages using `pip` as you normally would.
+
+```python
+print("Hello, Docker!")
+```
+
+- Once you are done with your interactive session, you can simply type `exit()` or press `CTRL+D` to exit the container. The container will be automatically removed as specified by the `--rm` flag.
+
+## More Examples of Interactive Test Environments
+
+You can use several third-party images available on Docker Hub and create various interactive environments such as:
+
+- **Node.js**: To start an interactive Node.js shell, you can use the following command:
+
+```bash
+docker run -it --rm node
+```
+
+- **Ruby**: To start an interactive Ruby shell, you can use the following command:
+
+```bash
+docker run -it --rm ruby
+```
+
+- **MySQL**: To start a temporary MySQL instance, you can use the following command:
+
+```bash
+docker run -it --rm --name temp-mysql -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes -p 3306:3306 mysql
+```
+
+This will start a temporary MySQL server that can be accessed via host port 3306. It will be removed once the container is stopped.
+
+Feel free to explore and test various software without worrying about damaging your local machine or installing unnecessary dependencies. Using Docker for interactive test environments allows you to work more efficiently and cleanly when dealing with various third-party software.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/105-using-third-party-images/102-command-line-utilities.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Command Line Utilities
+
+Docker images can include command line utilities or standalone applications that we can run inside containers. This can be really useful when working with third-party images, as the tools we want to use are already packaged and available to be run without any installation or configuration.
+
+In this section, we will be discussing a few examples of command line utilities that are available in Docker images and how we can use them.
+
+### BusyBox
+
+BusyBox is a small (1-2 Mb) and simple command line application that provides a large number of the commonly used Unix utilities, such as `awk`, `grep`, `vi`, etc. To run BusyBox inside a Docker container, you simply need to pull the image and run it with Docker:
+
+```
+docker pull busybox
+docker run -it busybox /bin/sh
+```
+
+Once inside the container, you can start running various BusyBox utilities just like you would on a regular command line.
+
+### cURL
+
+cURL is a well-known command line tool that can be used to transfer data using various network protocols. It is often used for testing APIs or downloading files from the internet. To use cURL inside a Docker container, you can use the official cURL image available on Docker Hub:
+
+```
+docker pull curlimages/curl
+docker run --rm curlimages/curl https://example.com
+```
+
+In this example, the `--rm` flag is used to remove the container after the command has finished running. This is useful when you only need to run a single command and then clean up the container afterwards.
+
+### Other Command Line Utilities
+
+There are numerous command line utilities available in Docker images, including but not limited to:
+
+- `wget`: A free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web.
+- `imagemagick`: A powerful software suite for image manipulation and conversion.
+- `jq`: A lightweight and flexible command-line JSON processor.
+
+To use any of these tools, you can search for them on Docker Hub and follow the instructions provided in their respective repositories. 
+
+In conclusion, using third-party Docker images for command line utilities can save time, simplify your development setup, and help ensure a consistent environment across different machines. You can experiment with different utilities and tools as you expand your knowledge and use of Docker.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/105-using-third-party-images/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Using Third Party Images
+
+In this section, we'll dive into using third-party images in Docker. Third-party images are pre-built Docker container images that are available on Docker Hub or other container registries. These images are created and maintained by individuals or organizations and can be used as a starting point for your containerized applications.
+
+### Benefits of Using Third-Party Images
+
+- **Time-saving**: Using pre-built images saves time by removing the need to create and configure your own base images.
+- **Consistency**: Third-party images help maintain consistent environment configurations across projects and teams.
+- **Updated & Secure**: Official images from reputable sources are frequently updated and maintained for security and dependency updates.
+
+### Finding Third-Party Images
+
+[Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com) is the largest and most popular container image registry containing both official and community-maintained images. You can search for images based on the name or the technology you want to use.
+
+For example: If you're looking for a `Node.js` image, you can search for "node" on Docker Hub and you'll find the official Node.js image along with many other community-maintained images.
+
+### Using an Image in Your Dockerfile
+
+To use a third-party image in your Dockerfile, simply set the image name as the base image using the `FROM` directive. Here's an example using the official Node.js image:
+
+```Dockerfile
+FROM node:14
+
+# The rest of your Dockerfile...
+```
+
+### Be Aware of Security Concerns
+
+Keep in mind that third-party images can potentially have security vulnerabilities or misconfigurations. Always verify the source of the image and check its reputation before using it in production. Prefer using official images or well-maintained community images.
+
+### Maintaining Your Images
+
+When using third-party images, it's essential to keep them updated to incorporate the latest security updates and dependency changes. Regularly check for updates in your base images and rebuild your application containers accordingly.
+
+In summary, using third-party images is a convenient and time-saving approach to building and deploying containers. Ensure that you're using trustworthy and up-to-date images, and always verify their security before deploying them in production environments.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/106-building-container-images/100-dockerfiles.md

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Dockerfiles
+
+In this section, we will discuss Dockerfiles, which are essential for building container images.
+
+### What is a Dockerfile?
+
+A Dockerfile is a text document that contains a list of instructions used by the Docker engine to build an image. Each instruction in the Dockerfile adds a new layer to the image. Docker will build the image based on these instructions, and then you can run containers from the image. Dockerfiles are one of the main elements of *infrastructure as code*.
+
+### Structure of a Dockerfile
+
+A Dockerfile is organized in a series of instructions, one per line. Each instruction has a specific format.
+
+```
+INSTRUCTION arguments
+```
+
+The following is an example of a simple Dockerfile:
+
+```
+# Use an official Python runtime as a parent image
+FROM python:3.7-slim
+
+# Set the working directory to /app
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy the current directory contents into the container at /app
+COPY . /app
+
+# Install any needed packages specified in requirements.txt
+RUN pip install --trusted-host pypi.python.org -r requirements.txt
+
+# Make port 80 available to the world outside this container
+EXPOSE 80
+
+# Define environment variable
+ENV NAME World
+
+# Run app.py when the container launches
+CMD ["python", "app.py"]
+```
+
+### Common Dockerfile Instructions
+
+Here's a list of some common Dockerfile instructions and their purpose:
+
+- `FROM`: Sets the base image to begin with. It is mandatory to have `FROM` as the first instruction in the Dockerfile.
+- `WORKDIR`: Sets the working directory for any `RUN`, `CMD`, `ENTRYPOINT`, `COPY` or `ADD` instructions. If the directory does not exist, it will be created automatically.
+- `COPY`: Copies files or directories from the host into the container's file system.
+- `ADD`: Similar to `COPY`, but can also handle remote URLs and automatically unpack archives.
+- `RUN`: Executes a command within the image as a new layer.
+- `CMD`: Defines the default command to execute when running a container from the image.
+- `ENTRYPOINT`: Similar to `CMD`, but it's designed to allow a container as an executable with its own parameters.
+- `EXPOSE`: Informs Docker that the container will listen on the specified network ports at runtime.
+- `ENV`: Sets environment variables for the container.
+
+### Building an Image from a Dockerfile
+
+To build an image from the Dockerfile, use the `docker build` command, specifying the build context (usually the current directory), and an optional tag for the image.
+
+```
+docker build -t my-image:tag .
+```
+
+After running this command, Docker will execute each instruction in the Dockerfile, in order, creating a new layer for each.
+
+Now you have a clear understanding of Dockerfiles, their structure, and their most important instructions. In the next sections, we will discuss how to manage and deploy containerized applications effectively.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/106-building-container-images/101-efficient-layer-caching.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Efficient Layer Caching
+
+When building container images, Docker caches the newly created layers. These layers can then be used later on when building other images, reducing the build time and minimizing bandwidth usage. However, to make the most of this caching mechanism, you should be aware of how to efficiently use layer caching.
+
+### How Docker Layer Caching Works
+
+Docker creates a new layer for each instruction (e.g., `RUN`, `COPY`, `ADD`, etc.) in the Dockerfile. If the instruction hasn't changed since the last build, Docker will reuse the existing layer.
+
+For example, consider the following Dockerfile:
+
+```docker
+FROM node:14
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+COPY package.json /app/
+RUN npm install
+
+COPY . /app/
+
+CMD ["npm", "start"]
+```
+
+When you build the image for the first time, Docker will execute each instruction and create a new layer for each of them. If you make some changes to the application and build the image again, Docker will check if the changed instructions affect any of the layers. If none of the layers is affected by the changes, Docker will reuse the cached layers.
+
+### Tips for Efficient Layer Caching
+
+- **Minimize changes in the Dockerfile:** Try to minimize the frequency of changes in your Dockerfile, and structure your instructions in a way that most frequently changed lines appear at the bottom.
+
+- **Build context optimization:** Use `.dockerignore` file to exclude unnecessary files from the build context that might cause cache invalidation. 
+
+- **Use smaller base images:** Smaller base images reduce the time taken to pull the base image as well as the number of layers that need to be cached. 
+
+- **Leverage the Docker's `--cache-from` flag:** If you're using a CI/CD pipeline, you can specify which image to use as a cache source.
+
+- **Combine multiple instructions:** In some cases, combining instructions (e.g., `RUN`) can help minimize the number of layers, making caching more efficient.
+
+By following these best practices, you can optimize the layer caching process and reduce the build time for your Docker images, making your development and deployment processes more efficient.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/106-building-container-images/102-image-size-and-security.md

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Image Size and Security
+
+When building container images, it's essential to be aware of both image size and security. The size of the image affects the speed at which your containers are built and deployed. Smaller images lead to faster builds and reduced network overhead when downloading the image. Security is crucial because container images can contain vulnerabilities that could potentially put your applications at risk.
+
+In this section, we'll discuss some best practices for optimizing image size and improving security when building container images.
+
+### Reducing Image Size
+
+- **Use an appropriate base image:** Choose a smaller, more lightweight base image that includes only the necessary components for your application. For example, consider using the `alpine` variant of an official image, if available, as it's typically much smaller in size.
+
+    ```Dockerfile
+    FROM node:14-alpine
+    ```
+
+- **Run multiple commands in a single `RUN` statement:** Each `RUN` statement creates a new layer in the image, which contributes to the image size. Combine multiple commands into a single `RUN` statement using `&&` to minimize the number of layers and reduce the final image size.
+
+    ```Dockerfile
+    RUN apt-get update && \
+        apt-get install -y some-required-package
+    ```
+
+- **Remove unnecessary files in the same layer:** When you install packages or add files during the image build process, remove temporary or unused files in the same layer to reduce the final image size.
+
+    ```Dockerfile
+    RUN apt-get update && \
+        apt-get install -y some-required-package && \
+        apt-get clean && \
+        rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+    ```
+
+- **Use `.dockerignore` file:** Add a `.dockerignore` file in your project directory to exclude files and directories that are not required in the container image.
+
+    ```dockerignore
+    .git
+    node_modules
+    logs/
+    ```
+
+### Enhancing Security
+
+- **Keep base images updated:** Regularly update the base images you're using in your Dockerfiles to ensure they include the latest security patches.
+
+- **Avoid running containers as root:** Always use a non-root user when running your containers to minimize potential risks. Create a user and switch to it before running your application.
+
+    ```Dockerfile
+    RUN addgroup -g 1000 appuser && \
+        adduser -u 1000 -G appuser -D appuser
+    USER appuser
+    ```
+
+- **Limit the scope of `COPY` or `ADD` instructions:** Be specific about the files or directories you're copying into the container image. Avoid using `COPY . .` as it may unintentionally include sensitive files.
+
+    ```Dockerfile
+    COPY package*.json ./
+    COPY src/ src/
+    ```
+
+- **Scan images for vulnerabilities:** Use tools like [Anchore](https://anchore.com/) or [Clair](https://github.com/quay/clair) to scan your images for vulnerabilities and fix them before deployment.
+
+By following these best practices, you'll be able to build more efficient and secure container images, leading to improved performance and a reduced risk of vulnerabilities in your applications.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/106-building-container-images/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Building Container Images
+
+In this section, we will discuss the process of building container images, which are the foundation of Docker containers. Container images are executable packages that include everything required to run an application: code, runtime, system tools, libraries, and settings. By building custom images, you can deploy applications seamlessly with all their dependencies on any Docker-supported platform.
+
+## Dockerfile
+
+The key component in building a container image is the `Dockerfile`. It is essentially a script containing instructions on how to assemble a Docker image. Each instruction in the Dockerfile creates a new layer in the image, making it easier to track changes and minimize the image size. Here's a simple example of a Dockerfile:
+
+```
+# Use an official Python runtime as a parent image
+FROM python:3.7-slim
+
+# Set the working directory to /app
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy the current directory contents into the container at /app
+COPY . /app
+
+# Install any needed packages specified in requirements.txt
+RUN pip install --trusted-host pypi.python.org -r requirements.txt
+
+# Make port 80 available to the world outside this container
+EXPOSE 80
+
+# Define environment variable
+ENV NAME World
+
+# Run app.py when the container launches
+CMD ["python", "app.py"]
+```
+
+## Building an Image
+
+Once you have created the Dockerfile, you can build the image using the `docker build` command. Execute the following command in the terminal from the directory containing the Dockerfile:
+
+```sh
+docker build -t your-image-name .
+```
+
+This command tells Docker to build an image using the Dockerfile in the current directory (`.`), and assign it a name (`-t your-image-name`).
+
+## Inspecting Images and Layers
+
+After a successful build, you can inspect the created image using `docker images` command:
+
+```sh
+docker images
+```
+
+To take a closer look at the individual layers of an image, use the `docker history` command:
+
+```sh
+docker history your-image-name
+```
+
+## Pushing Images to a Registry
+
+Once your image is built, you can push it to a container registry (e.g., Docker Hub, Google Container Registry, etc.) to easily distribute and deploy your application. First, log in to the registry using your credentials:
+
+```sh
+docker login
+```
+
+Then, tag your image with the registry URL:
+
+```sh
+docker tag your-image-name username/repository:tag
+```
+
+Finally, push the tagged image to the registry:
+
+```sh
+docker push username/repository:tag
+```
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Building container images is a crucial aspect of using Docker, as it enables you to package and deploy your applications with ease. By creating a Dockerfile with precise instructions, you can effortlessly build and distribute images across various platforms.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/107-container-registries/100-dockerhub.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# DockerHub
+
+[DockerHub](https://hub.docker.com/) is a cloud-based registry service provided by Docker Inc. It is the default public container registry where you can store, manage, and distribute your Docker images. DockerHub makes it easy for other users to find and use your images or to share their own images with the Docker community.
+
+### Features of DockerHub
+
+- **Public and private repositories:** Store your images in public repositories that are accessible to everyone, or opt for private repositories with access limited to your team or organization.
+
+- **Automated Builds:** DockerHub integrates with popular code repositories such as GitHub and Bitbucket, allowing you to set up automated builds for your Docker images. Whenever you push code to the repository, DockerHub will automatically create a new image with the latest changes.
+
+- **Webhooks:** DockerHub allows you to configure webhooks to notify other applications or services when an image has been built or updated.
+
+- **Organizations and Teams:** Make collaboration easy by creating organizations and teams to manage access to your images and repositories.
+
+- **Official Images:** DockerHub provides a curated set of official images for popular software like MongoDB, Node.js, Redis, etc. These images are maintained by Docker Inc. and the upstream software vendor, ensuring that they are up-to-date and secure.
+
+### Getting started with DockerHub
+
+To start using DockerHub, you need to create a free account on their website. Once you've signed up, you can create repositories, manage organizations and teams, and browse the available images.
+
+When you're ready to share your own images, you can use the `docker` command line tool to push your local images to DockerHub:
+
+```bash
+$ docker login
+$ docker tag your-image your-username/your-repository:your-tag
+$ docker push your-username/your-repository:your-tag
+```
+
+To pull images from DockerHub, you can use the `docker pull` command:
+
+```bash
+$ docker pull your-username/your-repository:your-tag
+```
+
+DockerHub is essential for distributing and sharing Docker images, making it easier for developers to deploy applications and manage container infrastructure.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/107-container-registries/101-dockerhub-alt.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# DockerHub Alternatives
+
+In this section, we will discuss some popular alternatives to DockerHub. These alternatives provide a different set of features and functionalities that may suit your container registry needs. Knowing these options will enable you to make a more informed decision when selecting a container registry for your Docker images.
+
+### Quay.io
+
+[Quay.io](https://quay.io/) by Red Hat is a popular alternative to DockerHub that offers both free and paid plans. It provides an advanced security feature called "Container Security Scanning," which checks for vulnerabilities in the images stored in your repository. Quay.io also provides features like automated builds, fine-grained user access control, and Git repository integration.
+
+### Google Container Registry (GCR)
+
+[Google Container Registry (GCR)](https://cloud.google.com/container-registry) is a container registry service by Google Cloud Platform. It provides a highly-scalable and secure infrastructure to store, manage, and deploy Docker images. GCR offers integration with other Google Cloud services, such as Cloud Build for automated builds, Container Registry vulnerability scanning, and IAM roles for user access control.
+
+### Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR)
+
+[Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR)](https://aws.amazon.com/ecr/) is a fully-managed Docker container registry by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that simplifies the process of storing, managing, and deploying Docker images. With ECR, you can control access to your images using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policies. ECR also integrates with other AWS services, such as Lambda, Amazon ECS, and ECR image scanning.
+
+### Azure Container Registry (ACR)
+
+[Azure Container Registry (ACR)](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/container-registry/) is Microsoft Azure's container registry offering. It provides a wide range of functionalities, including geo-replication for high availability, ACR Tasks for automated image building, container scanning for vulnerabilities, and integration with Azure Pipelines for CI/CD. ACR also offers private network access using Virtual Networks and Firewalls.
+
+### GitHub Container Registry (GHCR)
+
+[GitHub Container Registry (GHCR)](https://docs.github.com/en/packages/guides/about-github-container-registry) is the container registry service provided by GitHub. It enhances the support for Docker in GitHub Packages by providing a more streamlined experience for managing and deploying Docker images. GHCR provides fine-grained access control, seamless integration with GitHub Actions, and support for storing both public and private images.
+
+In conclusion, there are several DockerHub alternatives available, each with different features and capabilities. The choice of a container registry should be based on your requirements, such as security, scalability, cost-efficiency, or integration with other services. By exploring these options, you can find the most suitable container registry for your project.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/107-container-registries/102-image-tagging-best-practices.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Image Tagging Best Practices
+
+Properly tagging your Docker images is crucial for efficient container management and deployment. In this section, we will discuss some best practices for image tagging.
+
+### 1. Use Semantic Versioning
+
+When tagging your image, it is recommended to follow [Semantic Versioning guidelines](https://semver.org/). Semantic versioning is a widely recognized method that can help better maintain your application. Docker image tags should have the following structure `<major_version>.<minor_version>.<patch>`. Example: `3.2.1`.
+
+### 2. Tag the Latest Version
+
+Docker allows you to tag an image as 'latest' in addition to a version number. It is a common practice to tag the most recent stable version of your image as 'latest' so that users can quickly access it without having to specify a version number. However, it is important to keep this tag updated as the new versions are released.
+
+```sh
+# Example
+docker build -t your-username/app-name:latest .
+```
+
+### 3. Be Descriptive and Consistent
+
+Choose clear and descriptive tag names that convey the purpose of the image or changes from the previous version. Your tags should also be consistent across your images and repositories for better organization and ease of use.
+
+### 4. Include Build and Git Information (Optional)
+
+In some situations, it might be helpful to include information about the build and Git commit in the image tag. This can help identify the source code and environment used for building the image. Example: `app-name-1.2.3-b567-d1234efg`.
+
+### 5. Use Environment and Architecture-Specific Tags
+
+If your application is deployed in different environments (production, staging, development) or has multiple architectures (amd64, arm64), you can use tags that specify these variations. Example: `your-username/app-name:1.2.3-production-amd64`.
+
+### 6. Retag Images When Needed
+
+Sometimes, you may need to retag an image after it has been pushed to the registry. For example, if you have released a patch for your application, you may want to retag the new patched version with the same tag as the previous version. This allows for smoother application updates and less manual work for users who need to apply the patch.
+
+### 7. Use Automated Build and Tagging Tools
+
+Consider using CI/CD tools (Jenkins, GitLab CI, Travis-CI) to automate image builds and tagging based on commits, branches, or other rules. This ensures consistency and reduces the likelihood of errors caused by manual intervention.
+
+By following these best practices for image tagging, you can ensure a more organized, maintainable, and user-friendly container registry for your Docker images.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/107-container-registries/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Container Registries
+
+A **Container Registry** is a centralized storage and distribution system for Docker container images. It allows developers to easily share and deploy applications in the form of these images. Container registries play a crucial role in the deployment of containerized applications, as they provide a fast, reliable, and secure way to distribute container images across various production environments.
+
+### Key features of Container Registries:
+
+- **Organizing and Storing Images:** Container registries store and organize container images, allowing developers to quickly and easily access them when required.
+
+- **Versioning and Tagging:** Container registries support versioning and tagging of images, allowing developers to deploy specific versions of applications and maintain efficient deployment pipelines.
+
+- **Security and Access Control:** Container registries offer built-in access control mechanisms, ensuring that only authorized users can access and deploy images, thus maintaining security across the application life cycle.
+
+- **Integration with Continuous Integration (CI) / Continuous Deployment (CD) systems:** Integration of container registries with CI/CD systems streamlines the entire process of building, testing, and deploying containerized applications, making it easier for developers to get code changes into production.
+
+### Popular Container Registries:
+
+Below is a list of popular container registries available today:
+
+- **Docker Hub**: Docker Hub is the default registry for public Docker images and serves as a platform for sharing and distributing images among developers.
+
+- **Google Container Registry (GCR)**: GCR is a managed, secure, and highly available registry provided by Google Cloud Platform, ideal for hosting private container images.
+
+- **Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR)**: Amazon ECR is a fully-managed Docker container registry provided by Amazon Web Services, offering high scalability and performance for storing, managing, and deploying container images.
+
+- **Azure Container Registry (ACR)**: ACR is a managed registry provided by Microsoft Azure, offering Geo-replication, access control, and integration with other Azure services.
+
+In conclusion, understanding the concept of container registries is essential for deploying and distributing containerized applications efficiently. Adopting container registries streamlines application life cycle management and enhances the overall development and deployment workflow.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/108-running-containers/100-docker-run.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Running Containers with `docker run`
+
+In this section, we'll discuss the `docker run` command, which enables you to run Docker containers. The `docker run` command creates a new container from the specified image and starts it. 
+
+## Basic Syntax
+
+The basic syntax for the `docker run` command is as follows:
+
+```bash
+docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
+```
+
+- `OPTIONS`: These are command-line flags that can be used to adjust the container's settings, like memory constraints, ports, environment variables, etc.
+- `IMAGE`: The Docker image that the container will run. This can be an image from Docker Hub or your own image that is stored locally.
+- `COMMAND`: This is the command that will be executed inside the container when it starts. If not specified, the default entrypoint of the image will be used.
+- `ARG...`: These are optional arguments that can be passed to the command being executed.
+
+## Commonly used Options
+
+Here are some commonly used options with `docker run`:
+
+- `--name`: Assign a name to the container, making it easier to identify and manage.
+- `-p, --publish`: Publish a container's port(s) to the host. This is useful when you want to access the services running inside the container from outside the container.
+- `-e, --env`: Set environment variables inside the container. You can use this option multiple times to set multiple variables.
+- `-d, --detach`: Run the container in detached mode, running the container in the background and not showing logs in the console.
+- `-v, --volume`: Bind mount a volume from the host to the container. This is helpful in persisting data generated by the container or sharing files between host and container.
+
+## Examples
+
+Here are some sample commands to help you understand how to use `docker run`:
+
+- Run an interactive session of an Ubuntu container:
+
+```bash
+docker run -it --name=my-ubuntu ubuntu
+```
+
+- Run an Nginx web server and publish the port 80 on the host:
+
+```bash
+docker run -d --name=my-nginx -p 80:80 nginx
+```
+
+- Run a MySQL container with custom environment variables for configuring the database:
+
+```bash
+docker run -d --name=my-mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret -e MYSQL_DATABASE=mydb -p 3306:3306 mysql
+```
+
+- Run a container with a bind-mounted volume:
+
+```bash
+docker run -d --name=my-data -v /path/on/host:/path/in/container some-image
+```
+
+In summary, using the `docker run` command, you can create and start new containers from images with various options to customize the container's behavior and settings. With a deep understanding of `docker run`, you can successfully deploy and manage your applications using Docker containers.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/108-running-containers/101-docker-compose.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Docker Compose
+
+Docker Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. It allows you to create, manage, and run your applications using a simple YAML file called `docker-compose.yml`. This file describes your application's services, networks, and volumes, allowing you to easily run and manage your containers using just a single command.
+
+### Features:
+
+- **Simplified Container Management:** Docker Compose allows you to define and configure all your services, networks, and volumes in one place, making it easy to manage and maintain.
+
+- **Reproducible Builds:** Share your `docker-compose.yml` file with others to make sure they have the same environment and services running as you do.
+
+- **Versioning Support:** Docker Compose files can be versioned for easier compatibility across different versions of the Docker Compose tool itself.
+
+### Creating a Docker Compose File:
+
+To create a `docker-compose.yml` file, start by specifying the version of Docker Compose you want to use, followed by the services you want to define. Here's an example of a basic `docker-compose.yml` file:
+
+```yaml
+version: "3.9"
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx:latest
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+  db:
+    image: mysql:latest
+    environment:
+      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: mysecretpassword
+```
+
+In this example, we have specified two services: a web server (`web`) running the latest version of the nginx image, and a database server (`db`) running MySQL. The web server exposes its port 80 to the host machine, and the database server has an environment variable set for the root password.
+
+### Running Docker Compose:
+
+To run your Docker Compose application, simply navigate to the directory containing your `docker-compose.yml` file and run the following command:
+
+```bash
+docker-compose up
+```
+
+Docker Compose will read the file and start the defined services in the specified order.
+
+### Other Useful Commands:
+
+- `docker-compose down`: Stops and removes all running containers, networks, and volumes defined in the `docker-compose.yml` file.
+- `docker-compose ps`: Lists the status of all containers defined in the `docker-compose.yml` file.
+- `docker-compose logs`: Displays the logs of all containers defined in the `docker-compose.yml` file.
+- `docker-compose build`: Builds all images defined in the `docker-compose.yml` file.
+
+That's a brief introduction to Docker Compose! For more information, check out the official [Docker Compose documentation](https://docs.docker.com/compose/).

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/108-running-containers/102-runtime-config-options.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Runtime Configuration Options
+
+Runtime configuration options allow you to customize the behavior and resources of your Docker containers when you run them. These options can be helpful in managing container resources, security, and networking. Here's a brief summary of some commonly used runtime configuration options:
+
+### Resource Management
+
+- **CPU:** You can limit the CPU usage of a container with the `--cpus` and `--cpu-shares` options. `--cpus` limits the number of CPU cores a container can use, while `--cpu-shares` assigns relative share of CPU time for the container.
+
+  ```
+  docker run --cpus=2 --cpu-shares=512 your-image
+  ```
+
+- **Memory:** You can limit and reserve memory for a container using the `--memory` and `--memory-reservation` options. This can help prevent a container from consuming too many system resources.
+
+  ```
+  docker run --memory=1G --memory-reservation=500M your-image
+  ```
+
+### Security
+
+- **User:** By default, containers run as the `root` user. To increase security, you can use the `--user` option to run a container as another user or UID.
+
+  ```
+  docker run --user 1000 your-image
+  ```
+
+- **Read-only root file system:** To prevent unwanted changes to the container file system, you can use the `--read-only` option to mount the root file system as read-only.
+
+  ```
+  docker run --read-only your-image
+  ```
+
+### Networking
+
+- **Publish Ports:** You can use the `--publish` (or `-p`) option to publish a container's ports to the host system. This allows external systems to access the containerized service.
+
+  ```
+  docker run -p 80:80 your-image
+  ```
+
+- **Hostname and DNS:** You can customize the hostname and DNS settings of a container using the `--hostname` and `--dns` options.
+
+  ```
+  docker run --hostname=my-container --dns=8.8.8.8 your-image
+  ```
+
+Including these runtime configuration options will allow you to effectively manage your containers' resources, security, and networking needs. For a full list of available runtime configuration options, refer to Docker's [official documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/).

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/108-running-containers/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# Running Containers
+
+In this section, we will explore running Docker containers. A container is an isolated environment that runs a single application or a group of applications. Containers are lightweight and portable, allowing for easy sharing and deployment.
+
+## Starting a New Container
+
+To start a new container, we use the `docker run` command followed by the image name. The basic syntax is as follows:
+
+```
+docker run [options] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
+```
+
+For example, to run the official Nginx image, we would use:
+
+```
+docker run -d -p 8080:80 nginx
+```
+
+This starts a new container and maps the host's port 8080 to the container's port 80.
+
+## Listing Containers
+
+To list all running containers, use the `docker ps` command. To view all containers (including those that have stopped), use the `-a` flag:
+
+```
+docker ps -a
+```
+
+## Accessing Containers
+
+To access a running container's shell, use the `docker exec` command:
+
+```
+docker exec -it CONTAINER_ID bash
+```
+
+Replace `CONTAINER_ID` with the ID or name of your desired container. You can find this in the output of `docker ps`.
+
+## Stopping Containers
+
+To stop a running container, use the `docker stop` command followed by the container ID or name:
+
+```
+docker stop CONTAINER_ID
+```
+
+## Removing Containers
+
+Once a container is stopped, we can remove it using the `docker rm` command followed by the container ID or name:
+
+```
+docker rm CONTAINER_ID
+```
+
+To automatically remove containers when they exit, add the `--rm` flag when running a container:
+
+```
+docker run --rm IMAGE
+```
+
+In this section, we covered the basics of running Docker containers, including starting, accessing, stopping, and removing containers. Now you can confidently manage containers and build powerful applications using Docker.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/109-container-security/100-image-security.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Image Security
+
+Image security is a crucial aspect of deploying Docker containers in your environment. Ensuring the images you use are secure, up to date, and free of vulnerabilities is essential. In this section, we will review best practices and tools for securing and managing your Docker images.
+
+### Use Trusted Image Sources
+
+When pulling images from public repositories, always use trusted, official images as a starting point for your containerized applications. Official images are vetted by Docker and are regularly updated with security fixes. You can find these images on the Docker Hub or other trusted registries.
+
+* Official Images: https://hub.docker.com/explore/
+
+When downloading images from other users or creating your own, always verify the source, and inspect the Dockerfile and other provided files to ensure they follow best practices and don't introduce vulnerabilities.
+
+### Keep Images Up-to-Date
+
+Continuously monitor your images and update them regularly. This helps to minimize exposure to known vulnerabilities, as updates often contain security patches.
+
+You can use the following tools to scan and check for updates to your images:
+
+* Docker Hub: https://hub.docker.com/
+* Anchore: https://anchore.com/
+* Clair: https://github.com/quay/clair
+
+### Use Minimal Base Images
+
+A minimal base image contains only the bare essentials required to run a containerized application. The fewer components present in the base image, the smaller the attack surface for potential vulnerabilities.
+
+An example of a minimal base image is the Alpine Linux distribution, which is commonly used in Docker images due to its small footprint and security features.
+
+* Alpine Linux: https://alpinelinux.org/
+
+### Scan Images for Vulnerabilities
+
+Regularly scan your images for known vulnerabilities using tools like Clair or Anchore. These tools can detect potential risks in your images and container configurations, allowing you to address them before pushing images to a registry or deploying them in production.
+
+### Sign and Verify Images
+
+To ensure the integrity and authenticity of your images, always sign them using Docker Content Trust (DCT). DCT uses digital signatures to guarantee that the images you pull or push are the ones you expect and haven't been tampered with in transit.
+
+Enable DCT for your Docker environment by setting the following environment variable:
+
+```bash
+export DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST=1
+```
+
+### Utilize Multi-Stage Builds
+
+Multi-stage builds allow you to use multiple `FROM` instructions within the same Dockerfile. Each stage can have a different base image or set of instructions, but only the final stage determines the final image's content. By using multi-stage builds, you can minimize the size and complexity of your final image, reducing the risk of vulnerabilities.
+
+Here's an example Dockerfile using multi-stage builds:
+
+```Dockerfile
+# Build stage
+FROM node:12-alpine AS build
+WORKDIR /app
+COPY . .
+RUN npm ci --production
+
+# Final stage
+FROM node:12-alpine
+COPY --from=build /app /app
+CMD ["npm", "start"]
+```
+
+By following these best practices for image security, you can minimize the risk of vulnerabilities and ensure the safety of your containerized applications.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/109-container-security/101-runtime-security.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Runtime Security
+
+Runtime security focuses on ensuring the security of Docker containers while they are running in production. This is a critical aspect of container security, as threats may arrive or be discovered after your containers have been deployed. Proper runtime security measures help to minimize the damage that can be done if a vulnerability is exploited.
+
+In this section, we'll discuss some of the key aspects of runtime security, including:
+
+#### 1. Least Privilege Principle
+
+Ensure that your containers follow the principle of least privilege, meaning they should only have the minimum permissions necessary to perform their intended functions. This can help to limit the potential damage if a container is compromised.
+
+- Run your containers as a non-root user whenever possible.
+- Avoid running privileged containers, which have access to all of the host's resources.
+- Use Linux capabilities to strip away unnecessary permissions from your containers.
+
+#### 2. Read-only Filesystems
+
+By setting your containers' filesystems to read-only, you can prevent attackers from modifying critical files or planting malware inside your containers.
+
+- Use the `--read-only` flag when starting your containers to make their filesystems read-only.
+- Implement volume mounts or `tmpfs` mounts for locations that require write access.
+
+#### 3. Security Scanning and Monitoring
+
+Ensure that your containers are regularly scanned for vulnerabilities, both in the images themselves and in the runtime environment.
+
+- Use container scanning tools to detect and patch vulnerabilities in your images.
+- Implement runtime monitoring to detect and respond to security events, such as unauthorized access attempts or unexpected process launches.
+
+#### 4. Resource Isolation
+
+Isolate your containers' resources, such as CPU, memory, and network, to prevent a single compromised container from affecting other containers or the host system.
+
+- Use Docker's built-in resource constraints to limit the resources your containers can consume.
+- Use network segmentation and firewalls to isolate your containers and limit their communication.
+
+#### 5. Audit Logs
+
+Maintain audit logs of container activity to help with incident response, troubleshooting, and compliance.
+
+- Use Docker's logging capabilities to capture container logs, outputting them to a centralized logging solution.
+- Implement log analysis tools to monitor for suspicious activity and automatically alert if a potential incident is detected.
+
+By focusing on runtime security, you can help ensure that your Docker containers continue to be secure even after they have been deployed in your environment. Aim to minimize the potential attack surface and continuously monitor for threats to help protect your critical applications and data.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/109-container-security/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Container Security
+
+Container security is a critical aspect of implementing and managing container technologies like Docker. It encompasses a set of practices, tools, and technologies designed to protect containerized applications and the infrastructure they run on. In this section, we'll discuss some key container security considerations, best practices, and recommendations.
+
+## Main Topics
+- [Container Isolation](#container-isolation)
+- [Security Patterns and Practices](#security-patterns-and-practices)
+- [Secure Access Controls](#secure-access-controls)
+- [Container Vulnerability Management](#container-vulnerability-management)
+
+### Container Isolation
+
+Isolation is crucial for ensuring the robustness and security of containerized environments. Containers should be isolated from each other and the host system, to prevent unauthorized access and mitigate the potential damage in case an attacker manages to compromise one container.
+
+- **Namespaces**: Docker uses namespace technology to provide isolated environments for running containers. Namespaces restrict what a container can see and access in the broader system, including process and network resources.
+- **Cgroups**: Control groups (`cgroups`) are used to limit the resources consumed by containers, such as CPU, memory, and I/O. Proper use of `cgroups` aids in preventing DoS attacks and resource exhaustion scenarios.
+
+### Security Patterns and Practices
+
+Implementing best practices and specific security patterns during the development, deployment, and operation of containers is essential to maintaining a secure environment.
+
+- **Least Privilege**: Containers should be run with the least possible privilege, granting only the minimal permissions required for the application.
+- **Immutable Infrastructure**: Containers should be treated as immutable units - once built, they should not be altered. Any change should come by deploying a new container from an updated image.
+- **Version Control**: Images should be version-controlled and stored in a secure container registry.
+
+### Secure Access Controls
+
+Access controls should be applied to both container management and container data, in order to protect sensitive information and maintain the overall security posture.
+
+- **Container Management**: Use Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to restrict access to container management platforms (e.g., Kubernetes) and ensure that users have only the minimum permissions necessary.
+- **Container Data**: Encrypt data at rest and in transit, especially when handling sensitive information.
+
+### Container Vulnerability Management
+
+Containers can be vulnerable to attacks, as their images depend on a variety of packages and libraries. To mitigate these risks, vulnerability management should be included in the container lifecycle.
+
+- **Image Scanning**: Use automated scanning tools to identify vulnerabilities in containers and images. These tools should be integrated into the development pipeline to catch potential risks before they reach production.
+- **Secure Base Images**: Use minimal and secure base images for container creation, reducing the attack surface and potential vulnerabilities.
+- **Regular Updates**: Keep base images and containers up-to-date with the latest security patches and updates.
+
+By understanding and applying these key aspects of container security, you'll be well on your way to ensuring that your containerized applications and infrastructure are protected from potential threats.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/110-docker-cli/100-images.md

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# Docker Images
+
+In this section, we'll explore the concept of Docker images and how they are useful in the Docker ecosystem.
+
+### What are Docker Images?
+
+Docker images are lightweight, standalone, and executable packages that include everything needed to run an application. These images contain all necessary dependencies, libraries, runtime, system tools, and code to enable the application to run consistently across different environments.
+
+Docker images are built and managed using Dockerfiles. A Dockerfile is a script that consists of instructions to create a Docker image, providing a step-by-step guide for setting up the application environment.
+
+### Key Benefits of Docker Images
+- **Consistent**: Docker images enable applications to run with the same behavior across various platforms and environments, reducing the impact of the "it works on my machine" issue.
+- **Version control**: You can version your Docker images, making it easier to rollback and track changes.
+- **Reusability**: Docker images can be shared and reused for creating new containers, enhancing productivity and collaboration.
+- **Isolation**: Each Docker image is isolated from the host system and other containers, eliminating conflicts and improving security.
+
+### Working with Docker Images
+
+Docker CLI provides several commands to manage and work with Docker images. Some essential commands include:
+
+- `docker images`: List all available images on your local system.
+- `docker build`: Build an image from a Dockerfile.
+- `docker rmi`: Remove one or more images.
+- `docker pull`: Pull an image from a registry (e.g., Docker Hub) to your local system.
+- `docker push`: Push an image to a repository.
+
+For example, to pull the official Ubuntu image from Docker Hub, you can run the following command:
+
+```
+docker pull ubuntu:latest
+```
+
+After pulling the image, you can create and run a container using that image with the `docker run` command:
+
+```
+docker run -it ubuntu:latest /bin/bash
+```
+
+This command creates a new container and starts an interactive session inside the container using the `/bin/bash` shell.
+
+### Sharing Images
+
+Docker images can be shared and distributed using container registries, such as Docker Hub, Google Container Registry, or Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR). Once your images are pushed to a registry, others can easily access and utilize them.
+
+To share your image, you first need to tag it with a proper naming format:
+
+```
+docker tag <image-id> <username>/<repository>:<tag>
+```
+
+Then, you can push the tagged image to a registry using:
+
+```
+docker push <username>/<repository>:<tag>
+```
+
+In conclusion, Docker images are a crucial part of the Docker ecosystem, allowing developers to package their applications, share them easily, and ensure consistency across different environments. By understanding Docker images and the commands to manage them, you can harness the power of containerization and enhance your development workflow.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/110-docker-cli/101-containers.md

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+# Containers
+
+In this section, we'll explore the concept of containers and their significance in the Docker ecosystem.
+
+## What are Containers?
+
+Containers can be thought of as lightweight, stand-alone, and executable software packages that include everything needed to run a piece of software, including the code, runtime, libraries, environment variables, and config files. Containers isolate software from its surroundings, ensuring that it works uniformly across different environments.
+
+## Why Use Containers?
+
+- **Portability**: Containers ensure that applications work consistently across different platforms, be it a developer's laptop or a production server. This eliminates the "it works on my machine" problem.
+
+- **Efficiency**: Containers are lightweight since they use shared resources without the overhead of a full-fledged operating system. This enables faster startup times and reduces resource usage.
+
+- **Scalability**: Containers can be effortlessly scaled up or down according to the workload, making it ideal for distributed applications and microservices.
+
+- **Consistency**: Containers enable developers, QA, and operations teams to have a consistent environment throughout the application lifecycle, leading to faster and smoother deployment pipelines.
+
+- **Security**: Containers provide a level of isolation from other containers and the underlying host system, which aids in maintaining application security.
+
+## Working with Containers using Docker CLI
+
+Docker CLI offers several commands to help you create, manage, and interact with containers. Some common commands include:
+
+- `docker run`: Used to create and start a new container.
+
+- `docker ps`: Lists running containers.
+
+- `docker stop`: Stops a running container.
+
+- `docker rm`: Removes a stopped container.
+
+- `docker exec`: Executes a command inside a running container.
+
+- `docker logs`: Fetches the logs of a container, useful for debugging issues.
+
+In the following sections, we'll dive deeper into these commands and explore how to efficiently use containers in your application's development and deployment process.
+
+Remember, containers are at the core of Docker, and understanding them thoroughly will be crucial as you continue utilizing Docker to enhance your application's reliability, scalability, and maintainability.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/110-docker-cli/102-networks.md

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+# Docker Networks
+
+In this section, we will discuss Docker networks, which play a crucial role in enabling communication between containers and ensuring the isolation of applications as per their requirements.
+
+### Overview
+
+Docker networks provide an essential way of managing container communication. It allows containers to talk to each other and to the host machine using various network drivers. By understanding and utilizing different types of network drivers, you can design container networks to accommodate specific scenarios or application requirements.
+
+### Network Drivers
+
+There are several network drivers available in Docker. Here, we will cover four of the most common ones:
+
+- **bridge**: The default network driver for containers. It creates a private network where containers can communicate with each other and the host machine. Containers on this network can access external resources via the host's network.
+- **host**: This driver removes network isolation and allows containers to share the host's network. It is useful for cases where network performance is crucial, as it minimizes the overhead of container networking.
+- **none**: This network driver disables container networking. Containers using this driver run in an isolated environment without any network access.
+- **overlay**: This network driver enables containers deployed on different hosts to communicate with each other. It is designed to work with Docker Swarm and is perfect for multi-host or cluster-based container deployments.
+
+### Managing Docker Networks
+
+Docker CLI provides various commands to manage the networks. Here are a few useful commands:
+
+- List all networks: `docker network ls`
+- Inspect a network: `docker network inspect <network_name>`
+- Create a new network: `docker network create --driver <driver_type> <network_name>`
+- Connect containers to a network: `docker network connect <network_name> <container_name>`
+- Disconnect containers from a network: `docker network disconnect <network_name> <container_name>`
+- Remove a network: `docker network rm <network_name>`
+
+### Conclusion
+
+In conclusion, Docker provides a flexible and robust way to handle container networking. By leveraging network drivers, you can create various network setups that cater to distinct application needs or requirements. Understanding these concepts will enable you to design efficient and secure container environments.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/110-docker-cli/102-volumes.md

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+# Docker Volumes
+
+Docker volumes are a mechanism for persisting data generated by and used by Docker containers. They allow you to separate the data from the container itself, making it easy to backup, migrate, and manage your persistent data.
+
+In this section, we will cover the following topics:
+- Why volumes are important
+- Types of volumes
+- Volume management with Docker CLI
+
+### Why Volumes are Important
+
+Docker containers are ephemeral by nature, meaning they can be stopped, deleted, or replaced easily. While this is great for application development and deployment, it poses a challenge when dealing with persistent data. That's where volumes come in. They provide a way to store and manage the data separately from the container's lifecycle.
+
+### Types of Volumes
+
+There are three types of volumes in Docker:
+- **Host Volumes**: They are stored on the host machine's filesystem, usually in the `/var/lib/docker/volumes` directory. These can be easily accessed, but can pose issues with portability or file system compatibility.
+
+- **Anonymous Volumes**: These are created automatically when a container is run without specifying a volume. Their ID is generated by Docker and they are also stored on the host machine's filesystem.
+
+- **Named Volumes**: Similar to anonymous volumes, named volumes are stored on the host machine's filesystem. However, you can provide a custom name, making it easy to reference in other containers or for backups.
+
+### Volume Management with Docker CLI
+
+Docker CLI provides various commands to manage volumes:
+
+- `docker volume create`: Creates a new volume with a given name.
+- `docker volume ls`: Lists all volumes on the system.
+- `docker volume inspect`: Provides detailed information about a specific volume.
+- `docker volume rm`: Removes a volume.
+- `docker volume prune`: Removes all unused volumes.
+
+To use a volume in a container, you can use the `-v` or `--volume` flag during the `docker run` command. For example:
+
+```bash
+docker run -d --name my-container -v my-named-volume:/var/lib/data my-image
+```
+
+This command creates a new container named "my-container" using the "my-image" image and mounts the "my-named-volume" volume at the `/var/lib/data` path inside the container.
+
+That's it! Now you know the basics of Docker volumes and how to manage them using the Docker CLI. They are essential for ensuring data persistence and improving the overall workflow of containerized applications.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/110-docker-cli/index.md

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+# Docker CLI
+
+The Docker CLI (Command Line Interface) is a powerful tool that allows you to interact with and manage Docker containers, images, volumes, and networks. It provides a wide range of commands for users to create, run, and manage Docker containers and other Docker resources in their development and production workflows.
+
+In this topic, we'll dive into some key aspects of Docker CLI, covering the following:
+
+### 1. Installation
+
+To get started with Docker CLI, you need to have Docker installed on your machine. You can follow the official installation guide for your respective operating system from the [Docker documentation](https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/).
+
+### 2. Basic Commands
+
+Here are some essential Docker CLI commands to familiarize yourself with:
+
+- `docker run`: Create and start a container from a Docker image
+- `docker ps`: List running containers
+- `docker stop`: Stop a running container
+- `docker rm`: Remove a stopped container
+- `docker images`: List all available images on your system
+- `docker rmi`: Remove an image from your system
+- `docker pull`: Pull an image from Docker Hub or another registry
+- `docker push`: Push an image to Docker Hub or another registry
+- `docker build`: Build an image from a Dockerfile
+- `docker exec`: Run a command in a running container
+- `docker logs`: Show logs of a container
+
+### 3. Docker Run Options
+
+`docker run` is one of the most important commands in the Docker CLI. You can customize the behavior of a container using various options, such as:
+
+- `-d, --detach`: Run the container in the background
+- `-e, --env`: Set environment variables for the container
+- `-v, --volume`: Bind-mount a volume
+- `-p, --publish`: Publish the container's port to the host
+- `--name`: Assign a name to the container
+- `--restart`: Specify the container's restart policy
+- `--rm`: Automatically remove the container when it exits
+
+### 4. Dockerfile
+
+A Dockerfile is a script containing instructions to build a Docker image. You can use the Docker CLI to build, update, and manage Docker images using a Dockerfile.
+
+Here is a simple example of a Dockerfile:
+
+```dockerfile
+# Set the base image to use
+FROM alpine:3.7
+
+# Update the system and install packages
+RUN apk update && apk add curl
+
+# Set the working directory
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy the application file
+COPY app.sh .
+
+# Set the entry point
+ENTRYPOINT ["./app.sh"]
+```
+
+To build the image, use the command:
+
+```bash
+docker build -t my-image .
+```
+
+### 5. Docker Compose
+
+Docker Compose is a CLI tool for defining and managing multi-container Docker applications using YAML files. It works together with the Docker CLI, offering a consistent way to manage multiple containers and their dependencies.
+
+Install Docker Compose using the official [installation guide](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/), and then you can create a `docker-compose.yml` file to define and run multi-container applications:
+
+```yaml
+version: '3'
+services:
+  web:
+    image: webapp-image
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+  database:
+    image: mysql
+    environment:
+      - MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=my-secret-pw
+```
+
+Run the application using the command:
+
+```bash
+docker-compose up
+```
+
+In conclusion, the Docker CLI is a robust and versatile tool for managing all aspects of Docker containers and resources. Once familiar with its commands and capabilities, you'll be well-equipped to develop, maintain and deploy applications using Docker with ease.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/111-developer-experience/100-hot-reloading.md

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+# Hot Reloading in Docker
+
+Hot reloading is a powerful feature that can significantly improve the developer experience. It allows the application to automatically reload or refresh upon changes in its source code without the developer having to manually restart the application or the development server. This not only streamlines the development process but also saves time and increases productivity.
+
+In the context of Docker, hot reloading can be achieved using volumes, which are a way to store data and share it between containers, or between a container and the host machine. By mounting your application's source code as a volume, you can ensure that any changes made to the source code are detected by the running container and the application inside it is refreshed accordingly.
+
+Here's how you can enable hot reloading in your Docker-based development environment:
+
+### 1. Configuring the Application
+
+First, make sure that your application supports live reloading. This can usually be done using built-in features or libraries, depending on the programming language and framework you are using. For example, in a React application, you can use the `react-scripts` package to enable hot reloading. Similarly, in a Node.js application, tools like `nodemon` can be used for the same purpose.
+
+### 2. Updating the Docker Compose File
+
+Next, you need to set up a Docker Compose file that defines your services and their configurations. Within this file, add the necessary settings to enable volumes for your application, so that they are shared between your host machine and the running container. Here's an example of how it could look like:
+
+```yaml
+version: '3'
+services:
+  app:
+    build: .
+    image: myapp
+    volumes:
+      - .:/usr/src/app
+    ports:
+      - 3000:3000
+    environment:
+      - NODE_ENV=development
+```
+
+In this example, the current directory (`.`, where the source code is located) is being mapped to the `/usr/src/app` directory inside the Docker container. This ensures that any changes made to the source code on the host machine will be detected by the container and trigger a reload or refresh of the application.
+
+### 3. Running the Application with Hot Reloading
+
+With the application and Docker Compose file configured, you can now start your services with `docker-compose up`. This will launch the containers and automatically enable hot reloading. Now, whenever you make changes to your application's source code, the running container will detect those changes and refresh the app as necessary.
+
+By leveraging hot reloading in your Docker-based development environment, you can create a seamless and efficient workflow, allowing you to focus on writing code and delivering results faster.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/111-developer-experience/101-debuggers.md

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+# Debuggers in Docker
+
+Debuggers are essential tools that allow developers to track down issues and identify the root cause of problems within their applications. In the context of Docker, using debuggers can be a bit more challenging due to the isolated container environment. However, with proper configuration and setup, debuggers can be used effectively and efficiently in Docker projects.
+
+This guide will cover the essentials of using debuggers for Docker-based applications, explaining how you can configure and utilize them for an improved developer experience.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before diving into debuggers, make sure you're familiar with the following:
+
+- Basic Docker concepts and how to write Dockerfiles
+- Creating and managing containers
+- Docker Compose (optional, but helpful for multi-container setup)
+
+## Configuring your Debugger
+
+In order to use a debugger with your Docker-based application, you'll need to do some initial setup. Here are some high-level steps for setting up debugging in your Docker projects:
+
+- **Choose a Debugger**: First, select a debugger appropriate for your application's programming language (e.g. gdb for C/C++, pdb for Python, or Visual Studio Debugger for .NET applications).
+
+- **Modify your Dockerfile**: Your Dockerfile should be updated to include the necessary debugger tools or packages. Additionally, you may need to adjust your application's build configuration to include debug symbols which will be helpful when examining your code at runtime.
+
+Example:
+```Dockerfile
+FROM python:3.8 AS debug
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y gdb
+
+COPY requirements.txt ./
+
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
+
+COPY . .
+
+CMD ["gdb", "-ex", "run", "-ex", "bt", "--args", "python", "app.py"]
+```
+
+- **Expose a Debugging Port**: Most debuggers require a dedicated port for remote connections. Update your Dockerfile and `docker-compose.yml` (if applicable) to expose this port, and forward it to your host when running your container.
+
+Example:
+```yml
+services:
+  your_service:
+    build: .
+    volumes:
+      - .:/app
+    ports:
+      - "8080:8080"
+      - "DebuggingPort:DebuggingPort"
+    environment:
+      # Configure Env Variables
+```
+
+- **Configure the Debugger**: Depending on the debugger you're using, you may need to configure it within your application's code, with a configuration file, or by setting environment variables.
+
+## Debugging Workflow
+
+Once your debugger is configured, your debugging workflow will involve the following steps:
+
+- Set breakpoints within your application's code, to specify the locations where you want the debugger to pause.
+- Start your Docker container, ensuring that it's running in debug mode and that the debugging port is properly exposed.
+- Attach the debugger to the running container using the exposed debugging port.
+- Interact with your application and use your debugger to step through your code, examine variables, and debug any issues that arise.
+- Once the issue is resolved, update your code accordingly and restart your Docker container to test your changes.
+
+## Wrap Up
+
+Using debuggers with Docker-based applications can greatly improve the developer experience by providing better insights into application behavior and potential issues. By configuring your debugger correctly and following the steps outlined above, you can harness the power of debugging within your Docker projects to ensure a more stable and robust application.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/111-developer-experience/102-tests.md

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+# Tests
+
+### Benefits of Running Tests in Docker
+
+There are several benefits of running tests in Docker:
+
+- **Isolation:** Test environments can be isolated from one another, preventing conflicts or inconsistencies between test runs.
+- **Consistency:** Docker containers ensure that tests are run under the same conditions every time, reducing variability in test results.
+- **Reproducibility:** Tests are quickly and easily reproducible, allowing you to share test environments and results with colleagues.
+- **Ease of Use:** Docker makes it easy to set up and tear down test environments, resulting in a quicker development cycle.
+
+### Writing Tests
+
+When it comes to writing tests, you typically want to use a testing framework or library that is suited for the programming language and framework of your application. Examples include Jest for JavaScript, pytest for Python, or JUnit for Java. Follow best practices for your application's language and framework when writing tests.
+
+### Running Tests with Docker
+
+To run tests within a Docker container, there are a few steps you need to follow:
+
+- **Create a Test Dockerfile:** Create a separate Dockerfile for running tests. This file should be based on the same image as your application's Dockerfile, and may include additional dependencies or libraries needed for testing.
+
+```
+# Test Dockerfile
+FROM node:12
+
+# Set the working directory
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy your package.json and install dependencies
+COPY package.json ./
+RUN npm install
+
+# Copy your source code
+COPY . .
+
+# Run tests
+CMD ["npm", "test"]
+```
+
+- **Build the Test Image:** Build the Docker image for your tests using the test Dockerfile.
+
+```
+docker build -t myapp-test -f Test.Dockerfile .
+```
+
+- **Run the Test Container:** Run a Docker container using the test image, which will execute your tests.
+
+```
+docker run --name myapp-test-container myapp-test
+```
+
+Running tests in Docker can help you create a more consistent and reliable testing process, which ultimately leads to a smoother development experience and more stable applications.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/111-developer-experience/103-continuous-integration.md

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+# Continuous Integration (CI)
+
+Continuous Integration (CI) is an essential practice in modern software development. CI automates the process of building, testing, and integrating code changes from multiple contributors. By employing CI, you can catch and fix potential issues early in the development lifecycle, improve code quality, and shorten the time it takes to deliver the final product.
+
+### CI and Docker
+
+Docker can significantly enhance the CI process by allowing developers to create lightweight and portable containers that can run applications and their dependencies. These containers can be easily shared, tested, and deployed without worrying about environment inconsistencies or conflicts.
+
+### Key Benefits of CI with Docker
+
+- **Consistency:** Docker helps maintain consistency across development, testing, and production environments. Docker containers can be versioned and shared among team members, reducing the risk of discrepancies or out-of-date dependencies.
+
+- **Isolation:** Docker containers can run multiple services or applications in isolation. This allows for better separation of concerns and the ability to test individual components without affecting the entire application stack.
+
+- **Reproducibility:** Creating a Docker container for your application ensures that it can be reliably reproduced and tested across different environments or platforms.
+
+- **Scalability:** Docker enables you to run multiple instances of your application or its components on a single host or cluster. This makes it easy to scale your CI environment to handle more complex builds or tests.
+
+- **Speed:** By leveraging the Docker cache, builds and tests can be run much faster as Docker reuses existing layers that haven't changed since the last build.
+
+### Implementing CI with Docker
+
+To implement continuous integration with Docker, you need to follow these basic steps:
+
+- **Create a Dockerfile**: Write a Dockerfile for your application, including all dependencies and configurations required to build and run the application.
+
+- **Build Docker Images**: Use Docker to build an image of your application from the Dockerfile.
+
+- **Run Tests**: Execute tests in a Docker container using the built image. This ensures that the testing environment is consistent with the production environment.
+
+- **Push Images**: If tests pass, push the Docker image to a container registry/repository such as Docker Hub or a private registry.
+
+- **Deploy**: Deploy your application to a production environment using the Docker image from the container registry.
+
+By incorporating Docker into your CI pipeline, you can streamline the process of building, testing, and deploying software while reducing inconsistencies and improving overall code quality.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/111-developer-experience/index.md

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+# Developer Experience
+
+In the context of Docker, DX revolves around simplifying the process of creating, deploying, and running applications using containers. This can be achieved by leveraging features and tools provided by Docker.
+
+This guide covers the following aspects of the Docker Developer Experience:
+
+### 1. Writing Dockerfiles
+
+A fundamental aspect of the DX in Docker is writing effective Dockerfiles. Learn best practices for creating minimal, efficient, and maintainable Dockerfiles – the foundation of your containerized environments.
+
+### 2. Multi-stage builds
+
+Optimize your build process through multi-stage builds, which help you create lean and clean images. This improves the development speed and sharing of images.
+
+### 3. Local development
+
+Explore how to efficiently set up your local development environment using Docker Compose, which allows you to define and run multi-container applications. This section covers best practices, tips, and common pitfalls to avoid.
+
+### 4. Debugging
+
+Get practical advice on how to debug issues in your Docker containers, both during development and after deployment. This includes docker-specific debugging strategies, as well as integrating with other debugging tools.
+
+### 5. Continuous Integration and Deployment
+
+Learn how to incorporate Docker into your CI/CD pipelines to automate building, testing, and deploying your applications. Discover how to use the Docker registry to store images, set up automated build triggers, and integrate with popular CI/CD tools.
+
+### 6. Sharing your work
+
+Dive into the world of Docker Hub and other container registries. Learn the advantages of sharing your images with others, both in terms of collaborating on your own projects and contributing to the broader Docker community.
+
+By following this guide, you'll gain a deep understanding of the Docker Developer Experience, and learn how to make the most of its features and best practices to enhance your software development process.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/112-deploying-containers/100-paas-options.md

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+# PaaS Options for Deploying Containers
+
+Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a cloud computing model that simplifies the deployment and management of containers. It abstracts away the underlying infrastructure allowing developers to focus on creating and running their applications.
+
+In this section, we will discuss popular PaaS options for deploying containers:
+
+### 1. Google Cloud Run
+
+[Google Cloud Run](https://cloud.google.com/run) is a fully-managed compute platform by Google that allows you to run stateless containers. It is designed for running applications that can scale automatically, enabling you to pay only for the resources you actually use.
+
+- Automatically scales based on demand
+- Supports custom domains and TLS certificates
+- Integrates with other Google Cloud services
+- Offers a generous free tier
+
+### 2. Heroku Container Registry
+
+[Heroku Container Registry](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/container-registry-and-runtime) allows you to deploy containers on the Heroku Platform. With Heroku, you can quickly deploy, manage, and scale your applications using a variety of popular languages and frameworks.
+
+- Simple and straightforward deployment process
+- Add-ons and integrations for popular databases, caching, data processing, etc.
+- Built-in CI/CD and support for GitHub integration
+- Free tier with limitations on resources and 550-1,000 dyno hours per month
+
+### 3. AWS Elastic Beanstalk
+
+[AWS Elastic Beanstalk](https://aws.amazon.com/elasticbeanstalk/) is an orchestration service offered by Amazon Web Services that allows you to deploy, manage, and scale applications using containers, without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.
+
+- Supports multiple languages and platforms, including Docker containers
+- Integration with other AWS services, such as RDS, S3, and CloudFront
+- Offers monitoring and logging capabilities
+- Pay for what you use, with no upfront costs
+
+### 4. Microsoft Azure Container Instances
+
+[Azure Container Instances](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/container-instances/) is a service offered by Microsoft Azure that simplifies the deployment of containers using a serverless model. You can run containers without managing the underlying hosting infrastructure or container orchestration.
+
+- Fast and simple deployment process
+- Customizable size, network, and storage configurations
+- Integration with Azure services and Azure Kubernetes Service
+- Pay-per-second billing model
+
+### 5. IBM Cloud Code Engine
+
+[IBM Cloud Code Engine](https://www.ibm.com/cloud/code-engine) is a fully managed, serverless platform by IBM that runs your containerized applications and source code. It supports deploying, running, and auto-scaling applications on Kubernetes.
+
+- Built on top of Kubernetes and Knative
+- Deploy from your container registry or source code repository
+- Supports event-driven and batch workloads
+- Pay-as-you-go model
+
+When choosing a PaaS option for deploying containers, consider factors such as integration with existing tools, ease of use, costs, scalability, and support for the programming languages and frameworks your team is familiar with. Regardless of your choice, PaaS options make it easy for developers to deploy applications without worrying about managing and maintaining the underlying infrastructure.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/112-deploying-containers/101-kubernetes.md

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+# Kubernetes
+
+Kubernetes (K8s) is an open-source orchestration platform used for automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. While Docker provides the container runtime environment, Kubernetes extends that functionality with a powerful and flexible management framework.
+
+#### Key Concepts
+
+- **Cluster**: A set of machines, called nodes, that run containerized applications in Kubernetes. A cluster can have multiple nodes for load balancing and fault tolerance.
+
+- **Node**: A worker machine (physical, virtual, or cloud-based) that runs containers as part of the Kubernetes cluster. Each node is managed by the Kubernetes master.
+
+- **Pod**: The smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model. A pod represents a single instance of a running process and typically wraps one or more containers (e.g., a Docker container).
+
+- **Service**: An abstraction that defines a logical set of pods and a policy for accessing them. Services provide load balancing, monitoring, and networking capabilities for the underlying pods.
+
+- **Deployment**: A high-level object that describes the desired state of a containerized application. Deployments manage the process of creating, updating, and scaling pods based on a specified container image.
+
+#### Why Use Kubernetes?
+
+Kubernetes plays a crucial role in managing containerized applications at scale, offering several advantages over traditional deployment mechanisms:
+
+- **Scalability**: By automatically scaling the number of running containers based on resource usage and application demands, Kubernetes ensures optimal resource utilization and consistent app performance.
+- **Self-healing**: Kubernetes continuously monitors the health of your containers and replaces failed pods to maintain the desired application state.
+- **Rolling updates & rollbacks**: Kubernetes makes it easy to update your applications by incrementally rolling out new versions of container images, without any downtime.
+- **Load balancing**: Services in Kubernetes distribute network traffic among container instances, offering a load balancing solution for your applications.
+
+#### Kubernetes vs. Docker Swarm
+
+While both Kubernetes and Docker Swarm are orchestration platforms, they differ in terms of complexity, scalability, and ease of use. Kubernetes provides more advanced features, better scalability, and higher fault tolerance, but has a steeper learning curve. Docker Swarm, on the other hand, is simpler and more straightforward but lacks some advanced functionality.
+
+In the context of these differences, selecting the right orchestration platform depends on the needs and requirements of your project.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/112-deploying-containers/102-docker-swarm.md

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+# Docker Swarm
+
+Docker Swarm is a container orchestration tool that enables users to manage multiple Docker nodes and deploy services across them. It is a native clustering and orchestration feature built into the Docker Engine, which allows you to create and manage a swarm of Docker nodes, referred to as a _Swarm_.
+
+### Key concepts
+
+- **Node**: A Docker node is an instance of the Docker Engine that participates in the swarm. Nodes can either be a _worker_ or a _manager_. Worker nodes are responsible for running containers whereas manager nodes control the swarm and store the necessary metadata.
+
+- **Services**: A service is a high-level abstraction of the tasks required to run your containers. It defines the desired state of a collection of containers, specifying the Docker image, desired number of replicas, and required ports.
+
+- **Tasks**: A task carries a Docker container and the commands required to run it. Swarm manager nodes assign tasks to worker nodes based on the available resources.
+
+### Main advantages
+
+- **Scalability**: Docker Swarm allows you to scale services horizontally by easily increasing or decreasing the number of replicas.
+
+- **Load balancing**: Swarm ensures that the nodes within the swarm evenly handle container workloads by providing internal load balancing.
+
+- **Service discovery**: Docker Swarm allows you to automatically discover other services in the swarm by assigning a unique DNS entry to each service.
+
+- **Rolling updates**: Swarm enables you to perform rolling updates with near-zero downtime, easing the process of deploying new versions of your applications.
+
+### Setting up a Docker Swarm
+
+To set up a Docker Swarm, follow these simple steps:
+
+- Install Docker on each node you want to add to the swarm.
+
+- On the first node, initialize the swarm by running the following command:
+
+   ```
+   docker swarm init --advertise-addr <MANAGER_IP>
+   ```
+
+   Replace `<MANAGER_IP>` with the IP address of the manager node.
+
+- The previous command will output a token that you'll need to use to join additional nodes to the swarm. Run the following command on each of the worker nodes:
+
+   ```
+   docker swarm join --token <TOKEN> <MANAGER_IP>:2377
+   ```
+
+   Replace `<TOKEN>` with the token provided in step 2, and `<MANAGER_IP>` with the IP address of the manager node.
+
+### Deploying Services in Docker Swarm
+
+To deploy a service in Docker Swarm, follow these steps:
+
+- Create a `docker-compose.yml` file with the desired services. For example:
+
+   ```yaml
+   version: '3'
+   services:
+     web:
+       image: nginx
+       ports:
+         - "80:80"
+       networks:
+         - mynet
+   networks:
+     mynet:
+   ```
+
+- Use the `docker stack deploy` command to deploy the services defined in the `docker-compose.yml` file:
+
+   ```
+   docker stack deploy --compose-file docker-compose.yml mystack
+   ```
+
+Swarm will distribute the services across the nodes based on the provided configuration.
+
+Visit the official [Docker Swarm documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/) to learn more about its features and best practices.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/112-deploying-containers/103-nomad.md

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# Nomad: Deploying Containers
+
+[Nomad](https://www.nomadproject.io/) is a powerful and flexible tool for deploying containers. It is designed by HashiCorp, the creators of other popular DevOps tools such as Terraform and Vault. In this section, we'll cover the basics of Nomad and explore how you can use it to easily deploy and manage your containerized applications.
+
+### What is Nomad?
+
+Nomad is a cluster manager and scheduler that enables you to deploy, manage and scale your containerized applications. It automatically handles node failures, resource allocation, and container orchestration. Nomad supports running Docker containers as well as other container runtimes and non-containerized applications.
+
+### Key Features
+
+- **Flexible Deployment**: Nomad supports multiple container runtimes, including Docker, as well as non-containerized applications.
+- **Highly Scalable**: Nomad is designed to scale from a single machine to thousands of nodes, promoting efficient resource utilization.
+- **Resilient**: Nomad automatically handles node failures, maintaining the desired application state and count.
+- **Simple to Use**: Nomad features a single binary and a single configuration file, making it easy to get started.
+- **HashiCorp Ecosystem Integration**: Nomad works seamlessly with other HashiCorp tools such as Consul for service discovery and Vault for secrets management.
+
+### Getting Started with Nomad
+
+To start using Nomad, you'll need to install the Nomad binary on your system. You can download it from the [official website](https://www.nomadproject.io/downloads). Once installed, you can start using Nomad to deploy and manage your containers.
+
+#### Step 1: Set up a Nomad cluster
+
+A Nomad cluster consists of one or more client nodes and one or more server nodes. You'll need to configure and start the server(s) and client(s), specifying their roles and communication settings.
+
+Server configuration example:
+
+```hcl
+data_dir = "/path/to/data-dir"
+
+server {
+  enabled = true
+  bootstrap_expect = 3
+}
+```
+
+Client configuration example:
+
+```hcl
+data_dir = "/path/to/data-dir"
+
+client {
+  enabled = true
+  servers = ["server1:4647", "server2:4647", "server3:4647"]
+}
+```
+
+#### Step 2: Define your job specification
+
+Jobs are the unit of work in Nomad, and they are defined using HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL). You'll create a job specification file for your container deployment. 
+
+Example job specification for a Docker container:
+
+```hcl
+job "example" {
+  datacenters = ["dc1"]
+
+  group "web" {
+    task "app" {
+      driver = "docker"
+
+      config {
+        image = "your-docker-image"
+        ports = ["http"]
+      }
+
+      resources {
+        cpu    = 500
+        memory = 256
+        network {
+          mbits = 10
+          port "http" {}
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Step 3: Deploy your job
+
+To deploy your job, you'll submit the job specification to Nomad using the `nomad run` command. Nomad will schedule and deploy the containers on the available nodes, handling failures and scaling as needed.
+
+```shell
+$ nomad run example-job.hcl
+```
+
+### Next Steps
+
+We've covered the basics of Nomad and deploying containers with it. You can now experiment with more advanced features like integrating with Consul and Vault, or explore different deployment strategies like Canary or Blue/Green. To dive deeper into Nomad, check out the [official documentation](https://www.nomadproject.io/docs).

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/112-deploying-containers/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Deploying Containers
+
+Deploying containers is a crucial step in using Docker and containerization to manage applications more efficiently, easily scale, and ensure consistent performance across environments. This topic will give you an overview of how to deploy Docker containers to create and run your applications.
+
+## Overview
+
+Docker containers are lightweight, portable, and self-sufficient environments that can run applications and their dependencies. Deploying containers involves starting, managing, and scaling these isolated environments in order to run your applications smoothly.
+
+## Benefits of Container Deployment
+
+- **Consistency**: Containers enable your application to run in the same way across various environments, avoiding the common "it works on my machine" issue.
+- **Isolation**: Each container runs in an isolated environment, avoiding conflicts with other applications and ensuring that each service can be independently managed.
+- **Scalability**: Containers make it easy to scale applications by running multiple instances and distributing the workload among them.
+- **Version Control**: Deploying containers helps you manage different versions of your application, allowing you to easily roll back to previous versions if needed.
+
+## Key Concepts
+
+- **Image**: A Docker image is a lightweight, standalone, executable package that contains everything needed to run a piece of software, including the code, runtime, system tools, libraries, and settings.
+- **Container**: A Docker container is a running instance of a Docker image. You can deploy multiple containers from the same image, each running independently.
+- **Docker Registry**: A place where Docker images are stored and retrieved. Docker Hub is the default registry used by Docker, but you can use your own private registry if desired.
+
+## Steps to Deploy Containers
+
+- **Create a Dockerfile**: A Dockerfile is a script with instructions to build a Docker image. It should specify the base image, application code, dependencies, and configurations needed to run your application.
+
+- **Build the Docker Image**: Using the Docker client, you can build a new image by running `docker build` and specifying the path to your Dockerfile. This will create a new Docker image based on the instructions in your Dockerfile.
+
+- **Push the Docker Image**: After building the image, you must push it to a registry (e.g., Docker Hub) so that it can be easily retrieved when deploying containers. Use the `docker push` command followed by the image name and tag.
+
+- **Deploy the Container**: To deploy a new container from the Docker image, use the `docker run` command followed by the image name and tag. This will start a new container and execute the required application.
+
+- **Manage the Container**: Deployment involves ensuring the container is running properly and managing scaling, updates, and other key aspects. Use Docker commands like `docker ps` (to list running containers), `docker stop` (to stop a container), and `docker rm` (to remove a container) to manage your deployed containers.
+
+- **Monitor and Log**: Collect logs and monitor the performance of your deployed containers to ensure they are running optimally. Use commands like `docker logs` (to view logs) and `docker stats` (to see container statistics) as needed.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Deploying containers with Docker allows you to improve application consistency, security, and scalability while simplifying management and reducing the overhead typically associated with deployment. By understanding the concepts and steps outlined in this guide, you'll be well-equipped to deploy your applications using Docker containers.

src/data/roadmaps/docker/content/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# 

src/data/roadmaps/docker/docker.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+jsonUrl: '/jsons/roadmaps/docker.json'
+pdfUrl: '/pdfs/roadmaps/docker.pdf'
+order: 14
+briefTitle: 'Docker'
+briefDescription: 'Step by step guide to learning Docker in 2023'
+title: 'Docker Roadmap'
+description: 'Step by step guide to learning Docker in 2023'
+isNew: true
+hasTopics: true
+dimensions:
+  width: 968
+  height: 1808.98
+schema:
+  headline: 'Docker Roadmap'
+  description: 'Learn how to use Docker with this interactive step by step guide in 2023. We also have resources and short descriptions attached to the roadmap items so you can get everything you want to learn in one place.'
+  imageUrl: 'https://roadmap.sh/roadmaps/docker.png'
+  datePublished: '2023-02-07'
+  dateModified: '2023-02-07'
+seo:
+  title: 'Docker Roadmap - roadmap.sh'
+  description: 'Step by step guide to learn Docker in 2023. We also have resources and short descriptions attached to the roadmap items so you can get everything you want to learn in one place.'
+  keywords:
+    - 'docker tutorial'
+    - 'step by step guide for docker'
+    - 'docker for beginners'
+    - 'how to learn docker'
+    - 'use docker in production'
+    - 'docker roadmap 2023'
+    - 'guide to learning docker'
+    - 'docker roadmap'
+    - 'docker'
+    - 'docker learning guide'
+    - 'docker skills'
+    - 'docker for development'
+    - 'docker for development skills'
+    - 'docker for development skills test'
+    - 'docker learning guide'
+    - 'become a docker expert'
+    - 'docker career path'
+    - 'learn docker for development'
+    - 'what is docker'
+    - 'docker quiz'
+    - 'docker interview questions'
+relatedRoadmaps:
+  - 'devops'
+  - 'backend'
+sitemap:
+  priority: 1
+  changefreq: 'monthly'
+tags:
+  - 'roadmap'
+  - 'main-sitemap'
+  - 'skill-roadmap'
+---

src/data/roadmaps/kubernetes/kubernetes.md

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ seo:
     - 'kubernetes development skills test'
     - 'kubernetes engineer roadmap'
     - 'kubernetes roadmap'
-    - 'become a kubernetes'
+    - 'become a kubernetes expert'
     - 'kubernetes career path'
     - 'learn kubernetes development'
     - 'what is kubernetes'