@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ Visit the following resources to learn more:
- `@course@`
- `@course@`
- `@podcast@`
- `@podcast@`
- `@video@`
- `@video@`
- `@book@`
It's important to add a valid type, this will help us categorize the content and display it properly on the roadmap. The order of the links based on type is same as above.
It's important to add a valid type, this will help us categorize the content and display it properly on the roadmap. The order of the links based on type is same as above.
"description":"Jailbreaking is a specific category of prompt hacking where the AI Red Teamer aims to bypass the LLM's safety and alignment training. They use techniques like creating fictional scenarios, asking the model to simulate an unrestricted AI, or using complex instructions to trick the model into generating content that violates its own policies (e.g., generating harmful code, hate speech, or illegal instructions).\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"Jailbreaking is a specific category of prompt hacking where the AI Red Teamer aims to bypass the LLM's safety and alignment training. They use techniques like creating fictional scenarios, asking the model to simulate an unrestricted AI, or using complex instructions to trick the model into generating content that violates its own policies (e.g., generating harmful code, hate speech, or illegal instructions).\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"You need to pick a programming language to learn the Computer Science concepts. My personal recommendation would be to pick C++ or C and the reason for that is:\n\n* They allow you to deal with pointers and memory allocation/deallocation, so you feel the data structures and algorithms in your bones. In higher level languages like Python or Java, these are hidden from you. In day to day work, that's terrific, but when you're learning how these low-level data structures are built, it's great to feel close to the metal.\n* You will be able to find a lot of resources for the topics listed in this roadmap using C or C++. You can find a lot of resources for Python and Java, but they are not as abundant as C++ and C.\n\nGiven below is the list of resources; pick ones relevant to the language of your choice.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"You need to pick a programming language to learn the Computer Science concepts. My personal recommendation would be to pick C++ or C and the reason for that is:\n\n* They allow you to deal with pointers and memory allocation/deallocation, so you feel the data structures and algorithms in your bones. In higher level languages like Python or Java, these are hidden from you. In day to day work, that's terrific, but when you're learning how these low-level data structures are built, it's great to feel close to the metal.\n* You will be able to find a lot of resources for the topics listed in this roadmap using C or C++. You can find a lot of resources for Python and Java, but they are not as abundant as C++ and C.\n\nGiven below is the list of resources; pick ones relevant to the language of your choice.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
"title":"Visit Dedicated C++ Roadmap",
"url":"https://roadmap.sh/cpp",
"type":"article"
},
{
{
"title":"Learn C++ - W3Schools",
"title":"Learn C++ - W3Schools",
"url":"https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/",
"url":"https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/",
@ -126,7 +131,7 @@
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
},
{
{
"title":"W3Schools Go Tutorial",
"title":"W3Schools Go Tutorial",
"url":"https://www.w3schools.com/go/",
"url":"https://www.w3schools.com/go/",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
},
@ -219,7 +224,7 @@
"description":"C++ is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It can be used to develop operating systems, browsers, games, and so on. C++ supports different ways of programming like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and so on. This makes C++ powerful as well as flexible.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"C++ is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It can be used to develop operating systems, browsers, games, and so on. C++ supports different ways of programming like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and so on. This makes C++ powerful as well as flexible.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"C++ Roadmap",
"title":"Visit Dedicated C++ Roadmap",
"url":"https://roadmap.sh/cpp",
"url":"https://roadmap.sh/cpp",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
},
@ -301,7 +306,7 @@
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
},
{
{
"title":"Java Website",
"title":"Java",
"url":"https://www.java.com/",
"url":"https://www.java.com/",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
},
@ -455,6 +460,11 @@
"title":"Hash Table",
"title":"Hash Table",
"description":"Hash Table, Map, HashMap, Dictionary or Associative are all the names of the same data structure. It is one of the most commonly used data structures.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Hash Table, Map, HashMap, Dictionary or Associative are all the names of the same data structure. It is one of the most commonly used data structures.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
"title":"Hash Tables - Princeton University",
"url":"https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/34hash/",
"type":"article"
},
{
{
"title":"Hash Table | Illustrated Data Structures",
"title":"Hash Table | Illustrated Data Structures",
"description":"A tree is non-linear and a hierarchical data structure consisting of a collection of nodes such that each node of the tree stores a value and a list of references to other nodes (the “children”).\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"A tree is non-linear and a hierarchical data structure consisting of a collection of nodes such that each node of the tree stores a value and a list of references to other nodes (the “children”).\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The Big O notation can be used to describe how the running time of an algorithm scales with the growth of the input size, ignoring implementation details such as programming language and computer speed. Specifically, it denotes the upper bound of the growth rate of a function that relates the running time of an algorithm to its input size. It can be used to compare algorithms and determine which one is better.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The Big O notation can be used to describe how the running time of an algorithm scales with the growth of the input size, ignoring implementation details such as programming language and computer speed. Specifically, it denotes the upper bound of the growth rate of a function that relates the running time of an algorithm to its input size. It can be used to compare algorithms and determine which one is better.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Linear algorithms are algorithms that have a runtime that is directly proportional to the size of the input. This means that the runtime of the algorithm will increase linearly with the size of the input. For example, if the input size is 10, the runtime will be 10 times the runtime of the algorithm when the input size is 1. If the input size is 100, the runtime will be 100 times the runtime of the algorithm when the input size is 1.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Linear algorithms are algorithms that have a runtime that is directly proportional to the size of the input. This means that the runtime of the algorithm will increase linearly with the size of the input. For example, if the input size is 10, the runtime will be 10 times the runtime of the algorithm when the input size is 1. If the input size is 100, the runtime will be 100 times the runtime of the algorithm when the input size is 1.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Factorial complexity algorithms have a runtime of `O(n!)`. This is the worst case scenario for an algorithm. Factorial complexity algorithms are very inefficient and should be avoided.\n\n def generate_permutations(s):\n # Base case: If the string length is 1, return a list containing the string\n if len(s) == 1:\n return [s]\n \n # Initialize the result list\n permutations = []\n \n # Recursively generate all permutations\n for i in range(len(s)):\n # Current character\n current_char = s[i]\n # Remaining characters\n remaining_chars = s[:i] + s[i + 1 :]\n # Generate all permutations of the remaining characters\n for perm in generate_permutations(remaining_chars):\n # Add the current character to the front of each generated permutation\n permutations.append(current_char + perm)\n \n return permutations",
"description":"Factorial complexity algorithms have a runtime of `O(n!)`. This is the worst case scenario for an algorithm. Factorial complexity algorithms are very inefficient and should be avoided.\n\n def generate_permutations(s):\n # Base case: If the string length is 1, return a list containing the string\n if len(s) == 1:\n return [s]\n \n # Initialize the result list\n permutations = []\n \n # Recursively generate all permutations\n for i in range(len(s)):\n # Current character\n current_char = s[i]\n # Remaining characters\n remaining_chars = s[:i] + s[i + 1 :]\n # Generate all permutations of the remaining characters\n for perm in generate_permutations(remaining_chars):\n # Add the current character to the front of each generated permutation\n permutations.append(current_char + perm)\n \n return permutations\n \n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[]
"links":[
{
"title":"Big O Cheat Sheet - Time Complexity Chart",
"description":"Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time by comparisons. It is much less efficient on large lists than more advanced algorithms such as quicksort, heapsort, or merge sort.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time by comparisons. It is much less efficient on large lists than more advanced algorithms such as quicksort, heapsort, or merge sort.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"In-order traversal is a tree traversal algorithm that visits the left subtree, the root, and then the right subtree. This is the most common way to traverse a binary search tree. It is also used to create a sorted list of nodes in a binary search tree.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"In-order traversal is a tree traversal algorithm that visits the left subtree, the root, and then the right subtree. This is the most common way to traverse a binary search tree. It is also used to create a sorted list of nodes in a binary search tree.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Post-order traversal is a type of tree traversal that visits the left subtree, then the right subtree, and finally the root node. This is the opposite of pre-order traversal, which visits the root node first, then the left subtree, and finally the right subtree.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Post-order traversal is a type of tree traversal that visits the left subtree, then the right subtree, and finally the root node. This is the opposite of pre-order traversal, which visits the root node first, then the left subtree, and finally the right subtree.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"LFU Cache is a data structure that stores key-value pairs. It has a fixed size and when it is full, it removes the least frequently used key-value pair. It is a variation of the LRU Cache and is used in many applications such as caching web pages, caching database queries, and caching images.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"LFU Cache is a data structure that stores key-value pairs. It has a fixed size and when it is full, it removes the least frequently used key-value pair. It is a variation of the LRU Cache and is used in many applications such as caching web pages, caching database queries, and caching images.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
"title":"Least Frequently Used (LFU) Cache Implementation",
"description":"String search and manipulation is a very important topic in computer science. It is used in many different applications, such as searching or replacing a specific pattern, word or character in a string.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"String search and manipulation is a very important topic in computer science. It is used in many different applications, such as searching or replacing a specific pattern, word or character in a string.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Little Endian is a way of storing data in memory. It is the opposite of Big Endian. In Little Endian, the least significant byte is stored first. In Big Endian, the most significant byte is stored first.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Little Endian is a way of storing data in memory. It is the opposite of Big Endian. In Little Endian, the least significant byte is stored first. In Big Endian, the most significant byte is stored first.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"UML is a standard way of visualizing a software system. It is a general-purpose, developmental, modeling language in the field of software engineering that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"UML is a standard way of visualizing a software system. It is a general-purpose, developmental, modeling language in the field of software engineering that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
"title":"Unified Modeling Language (UML) Description",
"url":"https://www.uml-diagrams.org/",
"type":"article"
},
{
{
"title":"UML Diagrams Full Course (Unified Modeling Language)",
"title":"UML Diagrams Full Course (Unified Modeling Language)",
"description":"Combinatorics is the study of counting. It is a branch of mathematics that is used to solve problems in a variety of fields, including computer science, statistics, and physics. In computer science, combinatorics is used to solve problems related to counting the number of possible outcomes of a given problem. For example, if you are given a set of 10 objects, how many different ways can you arrange them? Or, if you are given a set of 10 objects, how many different ways can you choose 3 objects from that set? These are examples of combinatorial problems.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Combinatorics is the study of counting. It is a branch of mathematics that is used to solve problems in a variety of fields, including computer science, statistics, and physics. In computer science, combinatorics is used to solve problems related to counting the number of possible outcomes of a given problem. For example, if you are given a set of 10 objects, how many different ways can you arrange them? Or, if you are given a set of 10 objects, how many different ways can you choose 3 objects from that set? These are examples of combinatorial problems.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classic problem in computer science. It is a problem that is NP-complete, which means that it is a problem that is hard to solve. It is also a problem that is used to test the efficiency of algorithms.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classic problem in computer science. It is a problem that is NP-complete, which means that it is a problem that is hard to solve. It is also a problem that is used to test the efficiency of algorithms.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Balanced search trees are a type of data structure that allow for fast insertion, deletion, and lookup of data. They are a type of self-balancing binary search tree, which means that they are a binary tree that maintains the binary search tree property while also keeping the tree balanced. This means that the tree is always approximately balanced, which allows for fast insertion, deletion, and lookup of data.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Balanced search trees are a type of data structure that allow for fast insertion, deletion, and lookup of data. They are a type of self-balancing binary search tree, which means that they are a binary tree that maintains the binary search tree property while also keeping the tree balanced. This means that the tree is always approximately balanced, which allows for fast insertion, deletion, and lookup of data.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"Self-balancing binary search tree - Wikipedia",
"title":"Self-balancing Binary Search Tree - Wikipedia",
"description":"Load balancing is the process of distributing network or application traffic across a cluster of servers. Load balancing is used to improve responsiveness and reliability of applications, maximize throughput, minimize response time, and avoid overload of any single server.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Load balancing is the process of distributing network or application traffic across a cluster of servers. Load balancing is used to improve responsiveness and reliability of applications, maximize throughput, minimize response time, and avoid overload of any single server.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
"title":"What is Load Balancing? | How load balancers work",
"description":"A proxy server is an intermediary piece of hardware/software sitting between the client and the backend server. It receives requests from clients and relays them to the origin servers. Typically, proxies are used to filter requests, log requests, or sometimes transform requests (by adding/removing headers, encrypting/decrypting, or compression).\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"A proxy server is an intermediary piece of hardware/software sitting between the client and the backend server. It receives requests from clients and relays them to the origin servers. Typically, proxies are used to filter requests, log requests, or sometimes transform requests (by adding/removing headers, encrypting/decrypting, or compression).\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The CAP theorem states that it is impossible for a distributed data store to simultaneously provide more than two out of Consistency, Availability and Partition Tolerance.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The CAP theorem states that it is impossible for a distributed data store to simultaneously provide more than two out of Consistency, Availability and Partition Tolerance.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Architectural patterns are the fundamental organization of a system, defining how the system is composed and how its components interact. Architectural patterns are identified by their name, like client-server, peer-to-peer, and layered.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Architectural patterns are the fundamental organization of a system, defining how the system is composed and how its components interact. Architectural patterns are identified by their name, like client-server, peer-to-peer, and layered.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"List of software architecture styles and patterns",
"title":"List of Software Architecture Styles and Patterns",
"description":"The rise in popularity of NoSQL databases provided a flexible and fluidity with ease to manipulate data and as a result, a new database model was designed, reflecting these properties. The acronym BASE is slightly more confusing than ACID but however, the words behind it suggest ways in which the BASE model is different and acronym BASE stands for:-\n\n* **B**asically **A**vailable\n* **S**oft state\n* **E**ventual consistency",
"description":"The rise in popularity of NoSQL databases provided a flexible and fluidity with ease to manipulate data and as a result, a new database model was designed, reflecting these properties. The acronym BASE is slightly more confusing than ACID but however, the words behind it suggest ways in which the BASE model is different and acronym BASE stands for:-\n\n* **B**asically **A**vailable\n* **S**oft state\n* **E**ventual consistency\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"An index is a data structure that you build and assign on top of an existing table that basically looks through your table and tries to analyze and summarize so that it can create shortcuts.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"An index is a data structure that you build and assign on top of an existing table that basically looks through your table and tries to analyze and summarize so that it can create shortcuts.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're are trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"Cloudflare - What is the OSI model",
"title":"Cloudflare - What is the OSI model",
@ -3582,7 +3649,7 @@
},
},
"Fed5y1D95WPpqoVg7kmob":{
"Fed5y1D95WPpqoVg7kmob":{
"title":"TCP/IP Model",
"title":"TCP/IP Model",
"description":"The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're are trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"Cloudflare - What is the OSI model",
"title":"Cloudflare - What is the OSI model",
@ -3672,6 +3739,16 @@
"title":"TLS & HTTPS",
"title":"TLS & HTTPS",
"description":"TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a cryptographic protocol that provides privacy and data integrity between two communicating applications. It is widely used to secure HTTP, although it can be used with any protocol. TLS is often used in combination with HTTPS, which is HTTP over TLS.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a cryptographic protocol that provides privacy and data integrity between two communicating applications. It is widely used to secure HTTP, although it can be used with any protocol. TLS is often used in combination with HTTPS, which is HTTP over TLS.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
"title":"What is TLS & How Does it Work? - Internet Society",
"description":"Hashing algorithms are used to generate a unique value for a given input. This value is called a hash. Hashing algorithms are used to verify the integrity of data, to store passwords, and to generate unique identifiers for data.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Hashing algorithms are used to generate a unique value for a given input. This value is called a hash. Hashing algorithms are used to verify the integrity of data, to store passwords, and to generate unique identifiers for data.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Computers are everywhere. They are in our phones, our cars, our homes, and even in our pockets. But how do they actually work? How do they take in information, and how do they output information?\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Computers are everywhere. They are in our phones, our cars, our homes, and even in our pockets. But how do they actually work? How do they take in information, and how do they output information?\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Computers calculate using the binary system, where all data is represented as 0s and 1s. These binary states correspond to the ON/OFF positions of transistors, which are the building blocks of logic gates (AND, OR, NOT). Numbers, characters, and instructions are broken into binary sequences (bits), and grouped into bytes (8 bits). Arithmetic operations like addition are performed through logic gates, which combine binary values. The CPU executes these calculations by following a fetch-decode-execute cycle. Complex calculations, such as handling decimals, use floating-point representation. Programs written in high-level languages are compiled into machine code for the CPU to execute.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Computers calculate using the binary system, where all data is represented as 0s and 1s. These binary states correspond to the ON/OFF positions of transistors, which are the building blocks of logic gates (AND, OR, NOT). Numbers, characters, and instructions are broken into binary sequences (bits), and grouped into bytes (8 bits). Arithmetic operations like addition are performed through logic gates, which combine binary values. The CPU executes these calculations by following a fetch-decode-execute cycle. Complex calculations, such as handling decimals, use floating-point representation. Programs written in high-level languages are compiled into machine code for the CPU to execute.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"**_Registers_** are the smallest data-holding elements built into the processor itself. Registers are the memory locations that are directly accessible by the processor. The registers hold the instruction or operands currently accessed by the CPU.\n\nRegisters are the high-speed accessible storage elements. The processor accesses the registers within one CPU clock cycle. The processor can decode the instructions and perform operations on the register contents at more than one operation per CPU clock cycle.\n\n**_Memory_** is a hardware device that stores computer programs, instructions, and data. The memory that is internal to the processor is primary memory (RAM), and the memory that is external to the processor is secondary (**Hard Drive**). Primary memory or RAM is a volatile memory, meaning the primary memory data exist when the system's power is on, and the data vanishes as the system is switched off. The primary memory contains the data required by the currently executing program in the CPU. If the data required by the processor is not in primary memory, then the data is transferred from secondary storage to primary memory, and then it is fetched by the processor.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"**_Registers_** are the smallest data-holding elements built into the processor itself. Registers are the memory locations that are directly accessible by the processor. The registers hold the instruction or operands currently accessed by the CPU.\n\nRegisters are the high-speed accessible storage elements. The processor accesses the registers within one CPU clock cycle. The processor can decode the instructions and perform operations on the register contents at more than one operation per CPU clock cycle.\n\n**_Memory_** is a hardware device that stores computer programs, instructions, and data. The memory that is internal to the processor is primary memory (RAM), and the memory that is external to the processor is secondary (**Hard Drive**).\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
"title":"RAM vs. Registers - What's the Difference?",
"url":"https://thisvsthat.io/ram-vs-registers",
"type":"article"
},
{
{
"title":"Registers and RAM",
"title":"Registers and RAM",
"url":"https://youtu.be/fpnE6UAfbtU",
"url":"https://youtu.be/fpnE6UAfbtU",
@ -3981,6 +4073,11 @@
"title":"Process Forking",
"title":"Process Forking",
"description":"Process forking is a way to create a new process from an existing process. The new process is a copy of the existing process. The new process is called a child process and the existing process is called a parent process.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Process forking is a way to create a new process from an existing process. The new process is a copy of the existing process. The new process is called a child process and the existing process is called a parent process.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"CPU Scheduling is the process of selecting a process from the ready queue and allocating the CPU to it. The selection of a process is based on a particular scheduling algorithm. The scheduling algorithm is chosen depending on the type of system and the requirements of the processes.\n\nHere is the list of some of the most commonly used scheduling algorithms:\n\n* **First Come First Serve (FCFS):** The process that arrives first is allocated the CPU first. It is a non-preemptive algorithm.\n* **Shortest Job First (SJF):** The process with the smallest execution time is allocated the CPU first. It is a non-preemptive algorithm.\n* **Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF):** The process with the smallest remaining execution time is allocated the CPU first. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Round Robin (RR):** The process is allocated the CPU for a fixed time slice. The time slice is usually 10 milliseconds. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Priority Scheduling:** The process with the highest priority is allocated the CPU first. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Multi-level Queue Scheduling:** The processes are divided into different queues based on their priority. The process with the highest priority is allocated the CPU first. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Multi-level Feedback Queue Scheduling:** The processes are divided into different queues based on their priority. The process with the highest priority is allocated the CPU first. If a process is preempted, it is moved to the next queue. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Highest Response Ratio Next(HRRN):** CPU is allotted to the next process which has the highest response ratio and not to the process having less burst time. It is a Non-Preemptive algorithm.\n* **Lottery Scheduling:** The process is allocated the CPU based on a lottery system. It is a preemptive algorithm.",
"description":"CPU Scheduling is the process of selecting a process from the ready queue and allocating the CPU to it. The selection of a process is based on a particular scheduling algorithm. The scheduling algorithm is chosen depending on the type of system and the requirements of the processes.\n\nHere is the list of some of the most commonly used scheduling algorithms:\n\n* **First Come First Serve (FCFS):** The process that arrives first is allocated the CPU first. It is a non-preemptive algorithm.\n* **Shortest Job First (SJF):** The process with the smallest execution time is allocated the CPU first. It is a non-preemptive algorithm.\n* **Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF):** The process with the smallest remaining execution time is allocated the CPU first. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Round Robin (RR):** The process is allocated the CPU for a fixed time slice. The time slice is usually 10 milliseconds. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Priority Scheduling:** The process with the highest priority is allocated the CPU first. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Multi-level Queue Scheduling:** The processes are divided into different queues based on their priority. The process with the highest priority is allocated the CPU first. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Multi-level Feedback Queue Scheduling:** The processes are divided into different queues based on their priority. The process with the highest priority is allocated the CPU first. If a process is preempted, it is moved to the next queue. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n* **Highest Response Ratio Next(HRRN):** CPU is allotted to the next process which has the highest response ratio and not to the process having less burst time. It is a Non-Preemptive algorithm.\n* **Lottery Scheduling:** The process is allocated the CPU based on a lottery system. It is a preemptive algorithm.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"CPU Interrupts are a way for the CPU to communicate with the rest of the computer. They are a way for the CPU to tell the rest of the computer that it needs to do something. For example, if the CPU is running a program and it needs to read from the keyboard, it will send an interrupt to the keyboard to tell it to send the data to the CPU. The CPU will then wait for the keyboard to send the data and then continue running the program.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"CPU Interrupts are a way for the CPU to communicate with the rest of the computer. They are a way for the CPU to tell the rest of the computer that it needs to do something. For example, if the CPU is running a program and it needs to read from the keyboard, it will send an interrupt to the keyboard to tell it to send the data to the CPU. The CPU will then wait for the keyboard to send the data and then continue running the program.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Skip lists are a data structure that allows you to perform operations on a sorted list in O(log n) time. Skip lists are a probabilistic data structure, which means that the probability of a certain operation taking a certain amount of time is a certain value. In the case of skip lists, the probability of an operation taking O(log n) time is 1.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Skip lists are a data structure that allows you to perform operations on a sorted list in O(log n) time. Skip lists are a probabilistic data structure, which means that the probability of a certain operation taking a certain amount of time is a certain value. In the case of skip lists, the probability of an operation taking O(log n) time is 1.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"Skip Lists - Wikipedia",
"title":"Skip Lists",
"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_list",
"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_list",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
},
@ -4153,21 +4261,6 @@
"title":"Greedy Algs. II & Intro to NP Completeness",
"title":"Greedy Algs. II & Intro to NP Completeness",
"description":"One of C++'s main features includes variants of the normal _raw_ C pointers. One of these is the `unique_ptr`, which is a type of smart pointer that claims exclusive ownership over a value.\n\nThese types of pointers **can be moved** (`std::move`), but not **copied** and are automatically deleted when out of scope. The recommended way to create a `unique_ptr` is using `std::make_unique`.\n\n #include <memory>\n #include <iostream>\n \n int main() {\n std::unique_ptr<int> uptr = std::make_unique<int>(10);\n std::cout << *uptr << std::endl;\n \n std::unique_ptr<int> uptr2 = uptr; // compile error\n std::unique_ptr<int> uptr2 = std::move(uptr); // transferring ownership\n }",
"description":"iCloud is a cloud storage and cloud computing service provided by Apple Inc. It allows users to store data, such as documents, photos, and music, on remote servers and synchronize them across their Apple devices, including iPhones, iPads, and MacBooks.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"iCloud is a cloud storage and cloud computing service provided by Apple Inc. It allows users to store data, such as documents, photos, and music, on remote servers and synchronize them across their Apple devices, including iPhones, iPads, and MacBooks.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"iCloud Website",
"title":"iCloud",
"url":"https://www.icloud.com/",
"url":"https://www.icloud.com/",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
}
}
@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
"description":"Hack The Box (HTB) is a popular online platform designed for security enthusiasts, penetration testers, and ethical hackers to develop and enhance their skills by engaging in real-world cybersecurity challenges. The platform provides a wide array of virtual machines (VMs), known as \"boxes,\" each with a unique set of security vulnerabilities to exploit.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"Hack The Box (HTB) is a popular online platform designed for security enthusiasts, penetration testers, and ethical hackers to develop and enhance their skills by engaging in real-world cybersecurity challenges. The platform provides a wide array of virtual machines (VMs), known as \"boxes,\" each with a unique set of security vulnerabilities to exploit.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"Hack The Box Website",
"title":"Hack The Box",
"url":"https://www.hackthebox.com/",
"url":"https://www.hackthebox.com/",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
},
@ -380,6 +380,11 @@
"title":"CompTIA Security+",
"title":"CompTIA Security+",
"description":"CompTIA Security+ is a highly recognized and respected certification for individuals seeking to start their careers in the field of cybersecurity. This certification is vendor-neutral, meaning it doesn't focus on any specific technology or platform, and provides a solid foundation in cybersecurity principles, concepts, and best practices.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"CompTIA Security+ is a highly recognized and respected certification for individuals seeking to start their careers in the field of cybersecurity. This certification is vendor-neutral, meaning it doesn't focus on any specific technology or platform, and provides a solid foundation in cybersecurity principles, concepts, and best practices.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"IP, or Internet Protocol, is a fundamental concept in cybersecurity that refers to the way data is transferred across networks, specifically the internet. It is a core component of the internet's architecture and serves as the primary building block for communication between devices connected to the network. An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to each device connected to a network, like a computer or smartphone. It comprises a series of numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1). IP addresses can be either IPv4 (32-bit) or the newer IPv6 (128-bit) format, which provides more available addresses. They allow devices to send and receive data packets to and from other devices on the internet.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"IP, or Internet Protocol, is a fundamental concept in cybersecurity that refers to the way data is transferred across networks, specifically the internet. It is a core component of the internet's architecture and serves as the primary building block for communication between devices connected to the network. An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to each device connected to a network, like a computer or smartphone. It comprises a series of numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1). IP addresses can be either IPv4 (32-bit) or the newer IPv6 (128-bit) format, which provides more available addresses. They allow devices to send and receive data packets to and from other devices on the internet.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"What is an IP address and what does it mean?",
"title":"Check Your IP Address",
"url":"https://ipleak.net",
"type":"website"
},
{
"title":"What is an IP Address and What does it mean?",
"description":"HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (HTTP Secure) are fundamental protocols for web communication. HTTP is the foundation for data exchange on the World Wide Web, allowing browsers to request resources from web servers. However, HTTP transmits data in plain text, making it vulnerable to eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. HTTPS addresses these security concerns by adding a layer of encryption using SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security). This encryption protects the confidentiality and integrity of data in transit, securing sensitive information such as login credentials and financial transactions. HTTPS also provides authentication, ensuring that users are communicating with the intended website. In recent years, there has been a significant push towards HTTPS adoption across the web, with major browsers marking HTTP sites as \"not secure.\" This shift has greatly enhanced overall web security, though it's important to note that HTTPS secures the connection, not necessarily the content of the website itself.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (HTTP Secure) are fundamental protocols for web communication. HTTP is the foundation for data exchange on the World Wide Web, allowing browsers to request resources from web servers. However, HTTP transmits data in plain text, making it vulnerable to eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. HTTPS addresses these security concerns by adding a layer of encryption using SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security). This encryption protects the confidentiality and integrity of data in transit, securing sensitive information such as login credentials and financial transactions. HTTPS also provides authentication, ensuring that users are communicating with the intended website. In recent years, there has been a significant push towards HTTPS adoption across the web, with major browsers marking HTTP sites as \"not secure.\" This shift has greatly enhanced overall web security, though it's important to note that HTTPS secures the connection, not necessarily the content of the website itself.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), is software or firmware that enables the creation and management of virtual machines (VMs) by abstracting the underlying hardware. It allows multiple VMs to run on a single physical machine, each operating independently with its own operating system and applications. Hypervisors facilitate better resource utilization by allowing a physical server to host several virtual environments, optimizing hardware efficiency.\n\nThere are two types of hypervisors:\n\n* **Type 1 hypervisor**, or bare-metal hypervisor, runs directly on the physical hardware without a host operating system. It provides better performance and is commonly used in enterprise environments. Examples include VMware ESXi and Microsoft Hyper-V.\n* **Type 2 hypervisor** runs on top of an existing operating system, relying on the host OS for resource management. These are typically used for personal or development purposes, with examples like VMware Workstation and Oracle VirtualBox.\n\nHypervisors are fundamental in cloud computing, virtualization, and server consolidation, allowing for flexible and efficient resource management and isolation between virtual environments.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), is software or firmware that enables the creation and management of virtual machines (VMs) by abstracting the underlying hardware. It allows multiple VMs to run on a single physical machine, each operating independently with its own operating system and applications. Hypervisors facilitate better resource utilization by allowing a physical server to host several virtual environments, optimizing hardware efficiency.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"What is a hypervisor?",
"title":"What is a hypervisor?",
@ -2548,7 +2558,7 @@
"description":"hping is a versatile and powerful command-line based packet crafting tool that allows network administrators, security professionals, and system auditors to manipulate and analyze network packets at a granular level. hping can be used to perform stress testing, firewall testing, scanning, and packet generation, among other functionalities.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"hping is a versatile and powerful command-line based packet crafting tool that allows network administrators, security professionals, and system auditors to manipulate and analyze network packets at a granular level. hping can be used to perform stress testing, firewall testing, scanning, and packet generation, among other functionalities.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. It promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial, and commercial standards. In the domain of cyber security, there are several important ISO standards that help organizations to protect their sensitive data and to be resilient against cyber threats.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. It promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial, and commercial standards. In the domain of cyber security, there are several important ISO standards that help organizations to protect their sensitive data and to be resilient against cyber threats.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"ISO Website",
"title":"International Organization for Standardization",
"url":"https://www.iso.org/home.html",
"url":"https://www.iso.org/home.html",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
},
@ -3103,6 +3123,16 @@
"title":"Kali Linux",
"title":"Kali Linux",
"url":"https://www.kali.org/",
"url":"https://www.kali.org/",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
{
"title":"Kali Tools",
"url":"https://www.kali.org/tools",
"type":"article"
},
{
"title":"Kali Docs",
"url":"https://www.kali.org/docs/",
"type":"article"
}
}
]
]
},
},
@ -3319,12 +3349,12 @@
"description":"A **jump server**, also known as a **bastion host** or **jump host**, is a critical security component in many network architectures. It is a dedicated, locked-down, and secure server that sits within a protected network, and provides a controlled access point for users and administrators to access specific components within the system. This intermediate server acts as a bridge between untrusted networks and the internal privileged systems, thereby reducing the attack surface and securing the environment.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"A **jump server**, also known as a **bastion host** or **jump host**, is a critical security component in many network architectures. It is a dedicated, locked-down, and secure server that sits within a protected network, and provides a controlled access point for users and administrators to access specific components within the system. This intermediate server acts as a bridge between untrusted networks and the internal privileged systems, thereby reducing the attack surface and securing the environment.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"\"known\" and \"unknown\" refer to the classification of threats based on the visibility and familiarity of the attack or vulnerability.\n\n* **Known Threats** are those that have been previously identified and documented, such as malware signatures, vulnerabilities, or attack patterns. Security solutions like antivirus software and intrusion detection systems typically rely on databases of known threats to recognize and block them. These threats are easier to defend against because security teams have the tools and knowledge to detect and mitigate them.\n \n* **Unknown Threats**, on the other hand, refer to new, emerging, or sophisticated threats that have not been previously encountered or documented. These can include zero-day vulnerabilities, which are software flaws not yet known to the vendor or the public, or advanced malware designed to evade traditional defenses. Unknown threats require more advanced detection techniques, such as behavioral analysis, machine learning, or heuristic-based detection, to identify anomalies and suspicious activities that don't match known patterns.\n \n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"\"known\" and \"unknown\" refer to the classification of threats based on the visibility and familiarity of the attack or vulnerability.\n\n* **Known Threats** are those that have been previously identified and documented, such as malware signatures, vulnerabilities, or attack patterns. Security solutions like antivirus software and intrusion detection systems typically rely on databases of known threats to recognize and block them. These threats are easier to defend against because security teams have the tools and knowledge to detect and mitigate them.\n \n* **Unknown Threats**, on the other hand, refer to new, emerging, or sophisticated threats that have not been previously encountered or documented. These can include zero-day vulnerabilities, which are software flaws not yet known to the vendor or the public, or advanced malware designed to evade traditional defenses. Unknown threats require more advanced detection techniques, such as behavioral analysis, machine learning, or heuristic-based detection, to identify anomalies and suspicious activities that don't match known patterns.\n \n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"Joe Sandbox is an advanced malware analysis platform that allows security professionals to analyze suspicious files, URLs, and documents in a controlled and isolated environment known as a sandbox. This platform provides in-depth behavioral analysis by executing the potentially malicious code in a virtualized environment to observe its actions, such as file modifications, network communications, and registry changes, without risking the integrity of the actual network or systems. Joe Sandbox supports a wide range of file types and can detect and analyze complex, evasive malware that may attempt to avoid detection in less sophisticated environments. The insights generated from Joe Sandbox are crucial for understanding the nature of the threat, aiding in the development of countermeasures, and enhancing overall cybersecurity defenses.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"Joe Sandbox is an advanced malware analysis platform that allows security professionals to analyze suspicious files, URLs, and documents in a controlled and isolated environment known as a sandbox. This platform provides in-depth behavioral analysis by executing the potentially malicious code in a virtualized environment to observe its actions, such as file modifications, network communications, and registry changes, without risking the integrity of the actual network or systems. Joe Sandbox supports a wide range of file types and can detect and analyze complex, evasive malware that may attempt to avoid detection in less sophisticated environments. The insights generated from Joe Sandbox are crucial for understanding the nature of the threat, aiding in the development of countermeasures, and enhancing overall cybersecurity defenses.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"Joe Sandbox Website",
"title":"Joe Sandbox",
"url":"https://www.joesandbox.com/#windows",
"url":"https://www.joesandbox.com/#windows",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
},
},
@ -4933,7 +4973,7 @@
"description":"iCloud is a cloud storage and cloud computing service provided by Apple Inc. It allows users to store data, such as documents, photos, and music, on remote servers and synchronize them across their Apple devices, including iPhones, iPads, and MacBooks.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"iCloud is a cloud storage and cloud computing service provided by Apple Inc. It allows users to store data, such as documents, photos, and music, on remote servers and synchronize them across their Apple devices, including iPhones, iPads, and MacBooks.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"iCloud Website",
"title":"iCloud",
"url":"https://www.icloud.com/",
"url":"https://www.icloud.com/",
"type":"article"
"type":"article"
}
}
@ -5022,7 +5062,7 @@
"description":"JavaScript (often abbreviated as JS) is a widely-used, high-level programming language. It is predominantly used for creating and enhancing the interactive elements of web pages, making it an integral part of the web development space. JavaScript was initially known as LiveScript and was created by Brendan Eich in 1995, but it later got renamed to JavaScript.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"JavaScript (often abbreviated as JS) is a widely-used, high-level programming language. It is predominantly used for creating and enhancing the interactive elements of web pages, making it an integral part of the web development space. JavaScript was initially known as LiveScript and was created by Brendan Eich in 1995, but it later got renamed to JavaScript.\n\nLearn more from the following resources:",
"description":"Emotional intelligence is crucial for an Engineering Manager. It helps them understand team dynamics, enhances communication, and strengthens relationships. Their main responsibilities include recognizing team members' emotions, gauging their reactions appropriately, and managing their responses effectively.\n\nEngineering Managers often face challenges in dealing with various personalities within a team. By applying emotional intelligence, they can navigate these difficulties, resolve conflicts, and maintain a positive working environment. Their challenge is to balance their own emotions while addressing those of their team.\n\nSuccess in this aspect requires strong listening skills, empathy, and patience. Engineering Managers also need to continuously improve their emotional intelligence through self-reflection and seeking feedback. This helps them foster a team environment where everyone is understood and valued.",
"description":"Emotional intelligence is crucial for an Engineering Manager. It helps them understand team dynamics, enhances communication, and strengthens relationships. Their main responsibilities include recognizing team members' emotions, gauging their reactions appropriately, and managing their responses effectively.\n\nEngineering Managers often face challenges in dealing with various personalities within a team. By applying emotional intelligence, they can navigate these difficulties, resolve conflicts, and maintain a positive working environment. Their challenge is to balance their own emotions while addressing those of their team.\n\nSuccess in this aspect requires strong listening skills, empathy, and patience. Engineering Managers also need to continuously improve their emotional intelligence through self-reflection and seeking feedback. This helps them foster a team environment where everyone is understood and valued.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[]
"links":[
{
"title":"Daniel Goleman on the different kinds of empathy",
"description":"The Internet works through a global network of interconnected computers and servers, communicating via standardized protocols. Data is broken into packets and routed through various network nodes using the Internet Protocol (IP). These packets travel across different physical infrastructures, including fiber optic cables, satellites, and wireless networks. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensures reliable delivery and reassembly of packets at their destination. Domain Name System (DNS) servers translate human-readable website names into IP addresses. When you access a website, your device sends a request to the appropriate server, which responds with the requested data. This process, facilitated by routers, switches, and other networking equipment, enables the seamless exchange of information across vast distances, forming the backbone of our digital communications.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The internet is a global network that connects computers and devices so they can share information with each other. It’s how you browse websites, send emails, watch videos, and use apps. Think of it like a giant web that links everything together.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're are trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"`any` is a special type in TypeScript that represents a value of any type. When a value is declared with the any type, the compiler will not perform any type checks or type inference on that value.\n\nFor example:\n\n let anyValue: any = 42;\n \n // we can assign any value to anyValue, regardless of its type\n anyValue = 'Hello, world!';\n anyValue = true;\n \n\nLearn more from the following links:",
"description":"`any` is a special type in TypeScript that represents a value of any type. When a value is declared with the any type, the compiler will not perform any type checks or type inference on that value.\n\nFor example:\n\n let anyValue: any = 42;\n \n // we can assign any value to anyValue, regardless of its type\n anyValue = 'Hello, world!';\n anyValue = true;\n \n\nLearn more from the following links:",
"description":"Up until Vue 2, there was one way to create components in Vue. With Vue 3, a new methodology was introduced called the Composition API. Now, if we want to make a component in Vue, we have two ways to do it. You might be wondering what the difference is, exactly, so let’s take a look at how the newer Composition API differs from the Vue 2 methodology, which is now known as the Options API\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Though Vue 2 supported many approaches to writing components, only one approach, the \"Options API\", was built in and accessible without plugins. Vue 3, retains the Options API (OAPI), and adds in the Composition API (CAPI). Composition API itself is actually a part of the Options API, but moves most of the component logic into a setup function. This led to a 3rd approach to writing components being built in called \"script/setup\", which removes much of the boilerplate from Composition API. These approaches are not mutually exclusive. Each component in your project can use any of these approaches, however for consistency it is recommended to stick primarily to one, and only deviate to one of the others when you have a good reason.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"The Difference Between the Composition API and Options API in Vue",
"title":"The Difference Between the Composition API and Options API in Vue",
@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
},
},
"PPUU3Rb73aCpT4zcyvlJE":{
"PPUU3Rb73aCpT4zcyvlJE":{
"title":"Options API",
"title":"Options API",
"description":"We use Options API in a Vue application to write and define different components. With this API, we can use options such as data, methods, and mounted. To state it simply, Options API is an old way to structure a Vue.JS application. Due to some limitations in this API, Composition API was introduced in Vue 3.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Vue offers many approaches for how to write components, including the Options API. It is the only API that is available in all versions of Vue. Its primary focus is on providing a consistent, clean, and organized aproach to writing component logic. Each part of a component's logic is given a dedicated section (data, methods, computed, props, life-cycle hooks, etc). By putting the logic in the correct section it has access to the features of the framework automatically. With the official Vue ESLint plugin the order of these sections can be enforced across all components allowing developers to predicatably locate any part of the component, even if they've never looked at the file before.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"links":[
"links":[
{
{
"title":"TypeScript with Options API",
"title":"TypeScript with Options API",
@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
},
},
"a0qwdQTunxEjQ9A5wpF-q":{
"a0qwdQTunxEjQ9A5wpF-q":{
"title":"Composition API",
"title":"Composition API",
"description":"With the release of Vue 3, developers now have access to the Composition API, a new way to write Vue components. This API allows features to be grouped together logically, rather than having to organize your single-file components by function. Using the Composition API can lead to more readable code, and gives the developer more flexibility when developing their applications.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Vue offers many approaches for how to write components, including the \"Composition API\", which is most commonly used via \"Script Setup\". This approach is based around pulling in low level atomic functions used by Vue's reactivity engine. By composing these low level functions together, you can craft your own system for writing components. One feature this allows for is extending reactivity outside of components. This means you can extract your custom functions for reuse in multiple components. When reusing reactive logic, your functions are called \"composables\".\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
prompt:'Explain this topic in detail and include examples',
},
{
icon: ListIcon,
label:'List the key points',
prompt:'List the key points to remember from this topic',
},
{
icon: PencilLine,
label:'Summarize the topic',
prompt:
'Briefly explain the topic in a few sentences. Treat it as a brief answer to an interview question. Your response should just be the answer to the question, nothing else.',
},
{
icon: BabyIcon,
label:'Explain like I am five',
prompt:'Explain this topic like I am a 5 years old',
},
{
icon: Star,
label:'Why is it important?',
prompt:
'Why is this topic important? What are the real world applications (only add if appropriate)?',
},
],
},
{
icon: BrainIcon,
label:'Test my Knowledge',
prompt:
"Act as an interviewer and test my understanding of this topic. Ask me a single question at a time and evaluate my answer. Question number should be bold. After evaluating my answer, immediately proceed to the next question without asking if I'm ready or want another question. Continue asking questions until I explicitly tell you to stop.",
'AI Community Courses': 'https://assets.roadmap.sh/guest/ai-community-courses.png'
seo:
title: 'AI Agents, Red Teaming Roadmaps and Community Courses'
description: ''
date: 2025-05-12
---
We added new AI roadmaps for AI Agents and Red Teaming and made our AI Tutor better with courses created by the community.
- We just released a new [AI Agents Roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/ai-agents) that covers how to build, design, and run smart autonomous systems.
- There's also a new [Red Teaming Roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/ai-red-teaming) for people who want to learn about testing AI systems for weaknesses and security flaws.
- Our [AI Tutor](https://roadmap.sh/ai) now lets you use courses made by other users. You can learn from their content or share your own learning plans.
@ -15,6 +15,4 @@ We have revised the C++ and Java roadmaps and introduced an AI tutor to help you
- We just launched an [AI Tutor](https://roadmap.sh/ai), just give it a topic, pick a difficulty level and it will generate a personalized study plan for you. There is a map view, quizzes an embedded chat to help you along the way.
- We just launched an [AI Tutor](https://roadmap.sh/ai), just give it a topic, pick a difficulty level and it will generate a personalized study plan for you. There is a map view, quizzes an embedded chat to help you along the way.
- [C++ roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/cpp) has been revised with improved content
- [C++ roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/cpp) has been revised with improved content
- We have also redrawn the [Java roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/java) from scratch, replacing the deprecated items, adding new content and improving the overall structure.
- We have also redrawn the [Java roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/java) from scratch, replacing the deprecated items, adding new content and improving the overall structure.
Many software developers begin their careers by choosing an area of focus: backend or front end development. If you're an aspiring software developer, understanding the differences between frontend and backend can help you choose a focus for your career path. This guide focuses on the [front-end](https://roadmap.sh/frontend) and [back-end](https://roadmap.sh/backend) development for AI.
Frontend vs Backend is a common topic in software engineering and understanding both frontend and backend development is crucial for creating effective and efficient websites. Both are essential for a well-rounded web development process. Both career paths are in high demand.
Front-end development refers to the visual elements that users can directly interact with. It is the user facing side of an application also known as the client side of an application. Back-end development includes everything the user cannot see. It focuses on the application’s overall functionality and business logic.
Despite frontend and backend developers in AI having specific roles in the overall software development life cycle, they work together to design, program, test, and deploy AI applications. They collaborate to ensure AI applications meet quality and security standards. In addition to front-end and back-end developers, there are also full stack developers. Full stack developers work and specialize in both frontend and backend of web development.
The table below presents a comparison of frontend vs backend development AI specializations.
| Frontend AI development | Backend AI development |
| Focuses on the visual aspects of an AI application which is the UI and users directly interact with. | Focuses on the server-side development of an application which has data storage and the user does not directly interact with. |
| Specializes in the client side of the application. | Not concerned with the client side of web applications. |
| The front end is about user interface (UI) and user experience (UX). | Focuses on the application’s functionality and business logic. |
| Uses HTML, CSS and JavaScript as part of the toolbox. | Uses back-end programming languages like Java, C#, Python and so on. |
Let’s look at frontend vs backend in detail.
## What is frontend development for AI?
Frontend development for AI involves the design and implementation of the visual elements of an AI application. Several AI applications are being used on a daily basis, such as Chatbots, Virtual assistants, face recognition systems, etc. A user interface (UI) enables you to interact with these applications.
An AI frontend developer designs and builds the parts of an AI application that users can directly interact with. For larger projects, front-end developers will work with a digital and web designer who is responsible for creating a graphic design for the web page of the application. Frontend developers are also referred to as web developers.
Frontends are also built on other platforms asides the web, such as mobile apps for Android and iOS, or desktop apps.
The next section presents who a front-end developer is and the tools they use for building applications for the web.
## Who is a frontend developer?
A [frontend developer](https://roadmap.sh/frontend) builds the visual part of an application, which includes the parts users see and directly interact with, such as the graphical user interface (GUI) and the command line, including the design, navigation menus, texts, images, videos, etc. A page or screen a user sees with several UI components is called a document object model (DOM).
Frontend developers build these visual parts using front end programming languages such as:
- HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
- CSS
- JavaScript
### HTML (Hypertext Markup Language):
The basic building block of an application. It defines the markup of the language.
### CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
Builds upon HTML and defines the layout and style of an application.
### JavaScript
The front-end programming language that adds logic to an application. It can be used for both the frontend and backend (NodeJs, ExpressJs, NestJS).
HTML, CSS, and [JavaScript](https://roadmap.sh/javascript) are fundamental tools in a frontend developer’s toolkit and are used to determine the look and functionality of the client side of an application.
In addition to these languages, there are frontend frameworks, libraries, and CSS preprocessors that help to create websites and applications efficiently. Some of the popular ones are [React](https://roadmap.sh/react), [Vue](https://roadmap.sh/vue), [Angular](https://roadmap.sh/angular), and SASS.
## Front end developers responsibilities for AI
The core responsibilities of AI front end developers include:
- Designing and developing dashboards
- Developing graphs and charts for data visualization
- Integrating with AI services
- Testing and validating the integrated AI services
- Optimizing the user experience of AI applications
### Designing and developing dashboards
A dashboard conveys different but related information in an understandable format. Frontend developers are responsible for designing and developing dashboards that convey different AI data and metrics. They use design programs to lay out a dashboard prototype and ensure that the dashboards are implemented according to specifications.
### Developing graphs and charts for data visualization
Data visualization is an important process in AI that presents data in visual formats such as graphs and charts. Frontend AI developers use libraries such as Chart.js, Plotly, and D3.js to create graphs and charts to visualize and interpret data.
### Integrating with AI services
AI front end developers connect frontend applications to AI services via Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to fetch data and predict or perform certain actions. For example, a weather application’s frontend connects to weather prediction services through API endpoints or other means of communication and displays the information users interact with.
### Testing and validating integrated AI services
After integrating AI services into an application, frontend AI developers also test and validate that these services function properly and provide accurate and efficient data. Testing and validation are important for identifying and resolving technical issues that might come up and for addressing optimization requirements.
### Optimizing the user experience of AI applications
Frontend AI developers focus on improving the user experience of software and other mobile applications by optimizing UI elements and adding features like hovering effects or tooltips, navigation flows, and application interactions. They also iterate on designs and features with UI/UX experts based on user feedback to enhance user satisfaction and produce a responsive web design.
## Frontend developer skills for AI
To be a frontend AI developer, you need a combination of soft and technical skills. Some of the skills you require to be a frontend AI developer include:
- Deep understanding of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript/TypeScript.
- Knowledge of at least one web application framework or library, e.g., React, Vue, and Angular.
- Knowledge of data visualization libraries. e.g., Chart.js, Plotly.
- Basic understanding of machine learning and machine learning models. e.g., linear regression, random forest, etc.
- Collaboration and communication skills.
- Problem-solving skills.
## What is back end development for AI?
Back end development for AI is the design and implementation of the server side of an AI application. As opposed to frontend development, which involves the visual and interactive elements of an application, backend development involves the part of an application a user cannot directly interact with. The next section goes into detail about who a back-end developer is and their role in the software development process and lifecycle.
## Who is a back-end developer?
A [back-end developer](https://roadmap.sh/backend) specializes in the server-side development of an AI application that users cannot see and directly interact with. A back-end developer manages the behind-the-scenes part of an application, such as the servers, databases, and machine learning models that power AI applications.
AI back end developers use server-side programming languages such as C#, [Java](https://roadmap.sh/java), [Python](https://roadmap.sh/python), and [Rust](https://roadmap.sh/rust) and frameworks such as [Spring Boot](https://roadmap.sh/spring-boot), [ASP.NET core](https://roadmap.sh/aspnet-core), Django, and Ruby on Rails to develop the backend of AI applications.
## Back end developers responsibilities for AI
The responsibilities of AI back end developers include:
- Database design and management
- AI model development
- Application Programming Interface design and development
- Performance optimization
### Database design and management
Data is stored and retrieved from databases. AI deals with a large amount of data, which can be structured or unstructured. Back end developers are responsible for setting up these databases to save AI data. Two common types of databases are:
- [Relational databases](https://roadmap.sh/sql) /Structured Query Language (SQL) e.g., PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server
AI models are computer programs that recognize patterns in data and make predictions. They rely heavily on trained and untrained data, and each model is suitable for different cases. Examples of AI models include:
- Classification models, e.g., random forest, K-nearest neighbor, naive bayes
- Regression models, e.g., linear regression, decision trees
Backend AI developers use tools and frameworks such as Pandas, Numpy, Scikit-Learn, PyTorch, and so on to develop AI these AI models.
### API design and development
A backend AI developer designs and develops APIs that are consumed by the frontend of an AI application or other services. API development involves creating endpoints that provide data that users can visualize and interact with. Backend AI developers use different tools to design and document APIs; a common one is [Swagger](https://swagger.io/).
### Performance optimization
Backend AI developers are constantly optimizing the performance of AI applications. They do this by scaling applications to ensure the backend can handle large volumes of requests. The performance optimization involves code refactoring, optimizing database queries, adding caching, and load balancing.
## Backend developer skills for AI
Some of the job-ready skills needed to excel as a backend AI developer include:
- In-depth knowledge of at least one back-end programming language.
- Knowledge of database systems.
- Basic knowledge of web servers.
- Basic knowledge of how to deploy applications on cloud services or on-premise.
- Knowledge of machine learning models.
- Knowledge of data structures and algorithm
- Knowledge of web application frameworks
- Problem-solving and logical reasoning skills.
- Collaboration and communication skills.
## Which should I go for - frontend vs backend?
As you’ve seen in the frontend vs backend comparison, frontend and backend developers who specialize in AI perform different responsibilities and require various skill sets.
If you like user interfaces, keen on sound design, and like the visual aspects of creating apps, then perhaps you would be most interested in becoming a front end software developer. If you are more interested in servers, databases, and how systems work behind the scenes, then you should consider backend development.
You can begin your frontend or backend engineering career by obtaining a bachelor’s degree in computer science degree from a college.
roadmap.sh provides you with step-by-step guidance on how to become a [frontend developer](https://roadmap.sh/frontend) and [backend developer](https://roadmap.sh/backend). You can also explore the [full stack developer roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/full-stack) if you are interested in learning full stack development, which is a combination of frontend and backend development. Signing up on roadmap.sh makes it easy to track your progress and also share it on your profile. You can also draw up your personalized roadmap or work with AI to [generate new roadmaps](https://roadmap.sh/ai).
An AI Engineer uses pre-trained models and existing AI tools to improve user experiences. They focus on applying AI in practical ways, without building models from scratch. This is different from AI Researchers and ML Engineers, who focus more on creating new models or developing AI theory. The [advantages and disadvantages of AI](https://towardsdatascience.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-artificial-intelligence-182a5ef6588c) are key considerations that AI Engineers must understand to effectively implement solutions.
An AI Engineer uses pre-trained models and existing AI tools to improve user experiences. They focus on applying AI in practical ways, without building models from scratch. This is different from AI Researchers and ML Engineers, who focus more on creating new models or developing AI theory.
schema:
schema:
headline: 'AI Engineer Roadmap'
headline: 'AI Engineer Roadmap'
description: 'Learn how to become an AI Engineer with this interactive step by step guide in 2023. We also have resources and short descriptions attached to the roadmap items so you can get everything you want to learn in one place.'
description: 'Learn how to become an AI Engineer with this interactive step by step guide in 2023. We also have resources and short descriptions attached to the roadmap items so you can get everything you want to learn in one place.'
- [@opensource@You Dont Know JS Yet](https://github.com/getify/You-Dont-Know-JS)
- [@opensource@You Dont Know JS Yet](https://github.com/getify/You-Dont-Know-JS)
- [@video@JavaScript Crash Course for Beginners](https://youtu.be/hdI2bqOjy3c)- [@video@Node.js Tutorial for Beginners](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlB_eWDSMt4)
- [@video@JavaScript Crash Course for Beginners](https://youtu.be/hdI2bqOjy3c)
- [@video@Node.js Tutorial for Beginners](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlB_eWDSMt4)
- [@feed@Explore top posts about JavaScript](https://app.daily.dev/tags/javascript?ref=roadmapsh)
- [@feed@Explore top posts about JavaScript](https://app.daily.dev/tags/javascript?ref=roadmapsh)
The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're are trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.
The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.
The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're are trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.
The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.
One of C++'s main features includes variants of the normal *raw* C pointers. One of these is the `unique_ptr`, which is a type of smart pointer that claims exclusive ownership over a value.
These types of pointers **can be moved** (`std::move`), but not **copied** and are automatically deleted when out of scope. The recommended way to create a `unique_ptr` is using `std::make_unique`.
- [@video@When should you use std::unique_ptr? - StackOverflow Discussion](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13782051/when-should-you-use-stdunique-ptr)
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" to design applications and software. In OOP, each object is an instance of a class. A class defines the properties (often known as attributes or fields) and methods (actions) that are common to all objects of a certain kind. A key principle of OOP is the ability to hide certain parts of the objects’ data from the outside, a concept known as encapsulation. Other key principles are inheritance, a way to form new classes using classes that have already been defined, and polymorphism, the concept of designing objects to share behaviors and being able to override shared behaviors with specifics.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" to design applications and software. In OOP, each object is an instance of a class. A class defines the properties (often known as attributes or fields) and methods (actions) that are common to all objects of a certain kind. A key principle of OOP is the ability to hide certain parts of the objects’ data from the outside, a concept known as encapsulation. Other key principles are inheritance, a way to form new classes using classes that have already been defined, and polymorphism, the concept of designing objects to share behaviors and being able to override shared behaviors with specifics.
@ -4,4 +4,8 @@ Emotional intelligence is crucial for an Engineering Manager. It helps them unde
Engineering Managers often face challenges in dealing with various personalities within a team. By applying emotional intelligence, they can navigate these difficulties, resolve conflicts, and maintain a positive working environment. Their challenge is to balance their own emotions while addressing those of their team.
Engineering Managers often face challenges in dealing with various personalities within a team. By applying emotional intelligence, they can navigate these difficulties, resolve conflicts, and maintain a positive working environment. Their challenge is to balance their own emotions while addressing those of their team.
Success in this aspect requires strong listening skills, empathy, and patience. Engineering Managers also need to continuously improve their emotional intelligence through self-reflection and seeking feedback. This helps them foster a team environment where everyone is understood and valued.
Success in this aspect requires strong listening skills, empathy, and patience. Engineering Managers also need to continuously improve their emotional intelligence through self-reflection and seeking feedback. This helps them foster a team environment where everyone is understood and valued.
Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [@video@Daniel Goleman on the different kinds of empathy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdDVvLEKoc8)
The Internet works through a global network of interconnected computers and servers, communicating via standardized protocols. Data is broken into packets and routed through various network nodes using the Internet Protocol (IP). These packets travel across different physical infrastructures, including fiber optic cables, satellites, and wireless networks. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensures reliable delivery and reassembly of packets at their destination. Domain Name System (DNS) servers translate human-readable website names into IP addresses. When you access a website, your device sends a request to the appropriate server, which responds with the requested data. This process, facilitated by routers, switches, and other networking equipment, enables the seamless exchange of information across vast distances, forming the backbone of our digital communications.
The internet is a global network that connects computers and devices so they can share information with each other. It’s how you browse websites, send emails, watch videos, and use apps. Think of it like a giant web that links everything together.
Visit the following resources to learn more:
Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [@roadmap@Introduction to Internet](https://roadmap.sh/guides/what-is-internet)
- [@article@Introduction to Internet](https://roadmap.sh/guides/what-is-internet)
- [@article@How does the Internet Work?](https://cs.fyi/guide/how-does-internet-work)
- [@article@How does the Internet Work?](https://cs.fyi/guide/how-does-internet-work)
- [@article@How Does the Internet Work? MDN Docs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/How_does_the_Internet_work)
- [@article@How Does the Internet Work? MDN Docs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/How_does_the_Internet_work)
- [@video@How the Internet Works in 5 Minutes](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_LPdttKXPc)
- [@video@How the Internet Works in 5 Minutes](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_LPdttKXPc)
The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're are trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.
The OSI and TCP/IP model is used to help the developer to design their system for interoperability. The OSI model has 7 layers while the TCP/IP model has a more summarized form of the OSI model only consisting 4 layers. This is important if you're trying to design a system to communicate with other systems.
Up until Vue 2, there was one way to create components in Vue. With Vue 3, a new methodology was introduced called the Composition API. Now, if we want to make a component in Vue, we have two ways to do it. You might be wondering what the difference is, exactly, so let’s take a look at how the newer Composition API differs from the Vue 2 methodology, which is now known as the Options API
Though Vue 2 supported many approaches to writing components, only one approach, the "Options API", was built in and accessible without plugins. Vue 3, retains the Options API (OAPI), and adds in the Composition API (CAPI). Composition API itself is actually a part of the Options API, but moves most of the component logic into a setup function. This led to a 3rd approach to writing components being built in called "script/setup", which removes much of the boilerplate from Composition API. These approaches are not mutually exclusive. Each component in your project can use any of these approaches, however for consistency it is recommended to stick primarily to one, and only deviate to one of the others when you have a good reason.
With the release of Vue 3, developers now have access to the Composition API, a new way to write Vue components. This API allows features to be grouped together logically, rather than having to organize your single-file components by function. Using the Composition API can lead to more readable code, and gives the developer more flexibility when developing their applications.
Vue offers many approaches for how to write components, including the "Composition API", which is most commonly used via "Script Setup". This approach is based around pulling in low level atomic functions used by Vue's reactivity engine. By composing these low level functions together, you can craft your own system for writing components. One feature this allows for is extending reactivity outside of components. This means you can extract your custom functions for reuse in multiple components. When reusing reactive logic, your functions are called "composables".
We use Options API in a Vue application to write and define different components. With this API, we can use options such as data, methods, and mounted. To state it simply, Options API is an old way to structure a Vue.JS application. Due to some limitations in this API, Composition API was introduced in Vue 3.
Vue offers many approaches for how to write components, including the Options API. It is the only API that is available in all versions of Vue. Its primary focus is on providing a consistent, clean, and organized aproach to writing component logic. Each part of a component's logic is given a dedicated section (data, methods, computed, props, life-cycle hooks, etc). By putting the logic in the correct section it has access to the features of the framework automatically. With the official Vue ESLint plugin the order of these sections can be enforced across all components allowing developers to predicatably locate any part of the component, even if they've never looked at the file before.
@ -16,6 +16,95 @@ import SkeletonLayout from '../../layouts/SkeletonLayout.astro';
'database administration',
'database administration',
]}
]}
canonicalUrl='/courses/sql'
canonicalUrl='/courses/sql'
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Kamran Ahmed
2 days ago
committed by
GitHub
