Kamran Ahmed
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--- |
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title: '8 In-Demand Backend Developer Skills to Master' |
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description: 'Learn what the essential backend skills you should master to advance in your career.' |
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authorId: fernando |
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excludedBySlug: '/backend/developer-skills' |
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seo: |
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title: '8 In-Demand Backend Developer Skills to Master' |
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description: 'Learn what the essential backend developer skills are that you should learn and master to advance in your career.' |
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isNew: true |
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type: 'textual' |
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date: 2024-02-27 |
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sitemap: |
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priority: 0.7 |
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changefreq: 'weekly' |
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tags: |
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- 'guide' |
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- 'textual-guide' |
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- 'guide-sitemap' |
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--- |
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|
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Whether your goal is to become a backend developer or to stay relevant as one, the goal itself requires adopting an eternal student mindset. The ever-evolving web development space demands continuous learning, regardless of the programming language you use. New frameworks, libraries, and methodologies emerge regularly, offering different solutions to old problems. To remain relevant as a [backend developer](/backend), you’ll have to stay updated by honing your core skills. |
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In this article, we’ll cover the following set of backend developer skills we recommend you aim for: |
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- Keeping an eye on core and new backend programming languages |
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- Understanding the basics of software design and architecture |
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- Understanding databases and how to use them |
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- API development |
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- The basics of version control |
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- Testing and debugging |
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- CI/CD and DevOps fundamentals |
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- Soft skills |
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So, let's get going! |
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|
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## Understanding Backend Development |
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Before we move on and start discussing the different backend development skills you should focus on, let’s first understand what a backend developer is. After all, if you’re looking to actually become a backend developer, you’ll need this. |
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A backend developer focuses entirely on writing business logic for an application and much of the supporting logic as well. |
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That said, there might be applications where the business logic is split into the frontend and the backend. However, while the frontend dev might have to share their time between UI code and business logic, the backend dev will focus most of their time on core business logic. That’s the main difference between the two. |
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 |
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In the above image, you can see how there is a lot more behind the curtain than just the UI when it comes to web applications. In this case, a “simple” log-in form needs a backend to contain its core business logic. |
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Let’s now look at the most in-demand backend developer skills you should focus on in backend development. |
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## Proficiency in Core and Emerging Programming Languages |
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One of the most basic skills you should focus on as a backend developer is on identifying key programming languages to learn (or at least keep an eye out for). |
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There are some essential backend languages that the industry has adopted as de facto standards. This means most new projects are usually coded using one (or multiple) of these programming languages. |
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 |
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The most common names you should look out for are: |
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- **JavaScript (or any of its variants, such as TypeScript).** This is a very common option because it’s also the language used by frontend developers, thus making it easier for developers to work on both sides of the same project. |
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- **Python.** While a very common option for other types of projects (such as data processing and [data science](https://roadmap.sh/ai-data-scientist)), it’s still very popular in the web development world. Python has many good qualities and supporting frameworks that make it a very easy-to-pick-up option for coding backend systems. |
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- **Go (A.K.A Golang).** This programming language was developed by Google. It was designed with simplicity, efficiency, and concurrency in mind. That’s made it gain popularity in the backend development space, making it an interesting option for projects that prioritize performance and concurrency. |
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- **Java.** One of the most common alternatives for enterprise solutions, Java, has been constantly evolving since its first release back in 1995. All that time making its way into big enterprises that trust its robustness and ever-growing community of developers. While not the easiest language to learn, it’s definitely up there in the top 10 most popular [backend languages](https://roadmap.sh/backend/languages) (according to [StackOverflow’s 2023 Developer survey](https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2023/#technology-most-popular-technologies)). |
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While there are other options, the ones mentioned above, from the backend point of view, are some of the most relevant languages to pay attention to. Here are the top 10 most popular ones amongst professional developers (screenshot taken from SO’s survey of 2023): |
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 |
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### Keeping an eye on the rising stars |
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If working with at least one of the most common backend languages was important, understanding what are the rising technologies in the backend world is just as crucial. |
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You won’t see a new programming language being released every month. However, in the span of a few years, you might see the release of several, and out of those, some might stick long enough to become new standards. |
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For example, take a look at the period between 2012 and 2015; in just 3 years, 9 programming languages were released, out of which most of them are being used to this day. |
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 |
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- In 2012, we got Julia, Elm, Go, and TypeScript. |
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- In 2013, we got Dart |
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- In 2014, we got Swift, Hack, and Crystal |
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- And in 2015, we got Rust. |
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Some of those languages are very relevant to this day, such as TypeScript and Rust, while others, such as Hack and Crystal, might be known to only a few in very niche sectors. |
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Of course, it’s impossible to predict which programming language will become a standard. However, the skill that you need to hone is that of keeping an eye on the industry to spot new and emerging trends. |
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### The importance of supporting frameworks |
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Frameworks for a specific programming language do change a lot faster than the language itself, though. |
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Frameworks are there to provide you with a simplified gateway into the functionalities that you’d normally need for common tasks. For example, in the context of backend web development, frameworks usually take care of: |
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- **Parsing HTTP requests** and turning them into objects you can easily interact with (so you don’t have to learn how the HTTP protocol works). |
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- **Abstracting concepts,** such as a request or a response, into objects and functions that you can reason about at a higher level. This gives you an easier time thinking about how to solve a problem using these tools. |
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- **Accessing data becomes a lot easier when there are abstractions.** Some frameworks provide what is known as an ORM (Object Relational Mapping). Through ORM, you can interact with databases without having to think about writing SQL queries or even database schemas. |
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- And many more. |
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Frameworks are an essential aspect of the work you’ll do as a backend developer, which is why you should not neglect them. Of course, learning and mastering every single framework out there is impossible. Instead, learn to keep an eye out in the industry and see what are the most common frameworks, and focus on one (or two) of them. |
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## Software Design and Architecture |
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Coding is not just about writing code. |
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While that statement might be a bit confusing, the truth is there is a lot of architecture involved in software development (both in frontend and backend development). Sometimes, working on these aspects of a system is the job of a specific role called “architect.” However, for backend systems, it’s not uncommon for backend developers to also be involved in architecture conversations and decisions. You’re helping design the underlying backend infrastructure, after all. |
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The following diagram shows an example of what a very simple system’s architecture might look like: |
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 |
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While the example is oversimplified, it gives you an idea of what the practice of “architecting a system” is. |
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Essentially, architecting a system means coming up with concepts that represent different aspects of the solution and then deciding how you want to make them interact with each other. |
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Why is architecture so important here? Because it gives you properties such as code encapsulation, separation of concerns, reusability, and even scalability as a byproduct of the architecture itself. |
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Let’s take a quick look at some of the most common architectures used for creating backend systems. |
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### Most common backend architectures |
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There are too many different architectural styles and patterns to cover them all inside a single article, but let's just look at some of the most common ones and how they can help you while working on your backend system. |
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- **Monolithic architecture:** In a monolithic architecture, the entire application is built as a single, tightly coupled unit. All components (frontend, backend, database, etc) are part of the same codebase. This is a great first architecture because it feels very natural to develop under, and if your project is not going to grow out of proportion, then you will probably not hit any of the cons. |
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- **Microservice-based architecture:** The application is divided into small, independent services, each responsible for a specific business capability. These services communicate through APIs. |
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- **Service-Oriented Architecture:** Similar to microservices, a service-oriented architecture splits functionality into individual services. The main difference is that these services aren’t as granular as a microservice, so they might incorporate functionalities related to different business entities. |
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- **Event-driven architecture:** With this architecture, each system (or service) responds to events (e.g., user actions and messages from other services) by triggering actions or processes. All services communicate with each other indirectly through an event bus (also known as a “message bus”), so it removes the possibility of having two or more services coupled with each other (meaning that they can’t be treated individually). |
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- **Serverless Architecture:** Also known as Function as a Service (FaaS), serverless architecture allows you to focus on writing code without worrying about the server where they’ll run. Functions are executed in response to events without the need for provisioning or managing servers (this is done FOR you automatically). |
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- **Microkernel architecture:** This architecture lets you build the core, essential functionality into a small microkernel and have the rest of the features built as plugins that can be added, removed or exchanged easily. |
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And if you want to know more about the patterns and principles mentioned here, please check out the [Software Design and Architecture roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/software-design-architecture). |
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## Mastery of Database Management Systems |
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As a backend developer, you will undoubtedly have to deal with database administration in your daily tasks. They are the industry standard for storing persistent data. |
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Because of that, it’s important to understand that you should be aware of two main categories of databases: SQL databases and NoSQL databases. |
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### SQL databases |
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These are the standard structured databases (A.K.A relational databases) where you need to define the schema for your data (essentially the data structures you’re dealing with), and then you’ll use a language called [SQL (Structured Query Language)](https://roadmap.sh/sql) to interact with the data inside it. Most backend developers will interact with SQL databases at some point in their career, as this is the most common type of database. |
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### NoSQL databases |
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As the name implies, these are not your standard SQL databases; in fact, within this category, there are columnar databases, document-based ones (such as MongoDB), key-value-based ones (like Redis), and more. They don’t use predefined data structures, giving you more flexibility and control over what you can store and how you store it. Backend developers will deal with only a handful of these, as there are many different sub-types, and more are created every year. |
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Some examples of these databases are: |
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- MongoDB, a document-based database (see here a mongoDB roadmap if you’re interested). |
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- Redis, an in-memory key-value pair database. |
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- Neo4J, a graph database. |
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- ElasticSearch, a document-based search engine. |
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In the end, the decision between SQL and NoSQL is about trade-offs and figuring out what works best for your particular use case. |
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## API Development Capabilities |
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Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are everywhere. They power the backend of almost all major systems out there (according to a [study conducted by O’Reilly in 2020](https://www.oreilly.com/pub/pr/3307), 77% of companies were using microservices/APIs). |
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That is to say, if you’re thinking about becoming a backend developer, you will be coding APIs/microservices. This is why understanding the basics of them is crucial to ensuring your relevance in the field. |
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The above diagram explains how APIs interact with whatever you might be building. |
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Now, if you’re inside the “**The System**” box, then you need to understand how to interact with these APIs using the right tools. If you’re inside the “**External System**” box, then you need to understand the type of standards these APIs need to follow and how to implement them. |
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Don’t worry though, for both situations, there are always frameworks and libraries you can use to simplify your task and ensure you’re following the proper industry standards. |
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### What are the most common API types? |
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The most common types of APIs used in the industry currently are REST and GraphQL. |
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As a backend developer, it’s not mandatory that you master both of these types, but it’s definitely recommended that you have some practical experience with one of them. |
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- **RESTful APIs.** These are APIs that work over HTTP and make extensive use of the HTTP Verbs to give meaning to each request. They’ve been the most popular type of API until recently, so there are still a lot of projects and teams that make use of it. |
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- **GraphQL.** GraphQL APIs operate over HTTP as well, leveraging the HTTP protocol and its verbs. In contrast to the conventional RESTful APIs, GraphQL has emerged as a powerful alternative, offering a flexible and efficient approach to data querying and manipulation. GraphQL allows clients to request only the data they need, providing a more tailored and efficient interaction between clients and servers. |
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Is there one better than the other? There is no easy way to answer that question as both are capable of doing everything you’d need. It’s more about your particular requirements and the preferences of your dev team. |
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## Version Control Savvy |
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One mandatory skill that all backend developers should work on (actually, all developers, in general) is version control, or in other words, understanding and being familiar with version control systems. |
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Essentially, you’ll want to know how to use the version control tool that everyone else is using. The industry standard at the moment of writing this is [Git](https://git-scm.com/), while there might be some teams using other (older) tools, as long as you understand the current one, you’ll be in good shape. |
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### What is version control? |
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Version control references the ability for you and other developers to share code with each other while you’re working on the same files. |
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While Git is the industry standard at the moment, GitHub has created such a popular platform around Git, that it almost makes it mandatory to learn about. |
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So go ahead and create an account, browse what others are doing, and upload your own personal projects. It’s definitely a great way to learn. |
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### What should you learn about Git? |
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If you’re picking up Git as your version control system of choice, there are two main areas you should be focusing on. |
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- **The basics.** Clearly understanding how Git works and the basic commands to add, push and pull changes. You should aim to learn enough about them to feel comfortable using them on your day-to-day (because you will). |
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- **Branching strategies.** Sadly, using Git alone is not enough. While through Git you can already start versioning your code, when the project is complex enough and your team big enough, the tool alone will not be enough. You’ll have to come up with [branching strategies](https://learngitbranching.js.org/?locale=es_ES) to organize the whole team’s workflow. |
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Keep in mind that Git and Git branching are not trivial topics, and they’ll take a while to master. So, while you should give yourself time to learn about them, also make sure you check with others (or use tools such as ChatGPT) to validate your commands before using them. Remember, a wrong Git command or a wrong workflow can cause major problems within a project, especially if there are many developers working on the same codebase. |
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## Testing |
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Understanding both what testing is and the importance of it within the backend development workflow is crucial for all developers, and one of the mandatory backend developer skills to focus on. |
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Testing is the development process of making sure your code works in a way that doesn’t involve you manually testing every feature but rather using tools that allow you to test and reproduce any problems that can be found programmatically. |
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This, of course, helps to remove potential human error from the equation when testing big systems and to increase the speed at which these tests can be done (think seconds vs hours of you doing it manually). |
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Testing is a far more complex discipline than I can describe here. Just know that there are many different ways to test a system, and all backend developers should be aware of the following: |
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- **Unit testing:** This is the most common way of doing code testing. You’ll write tests using a testing framework for every publicly available function/method in your code. This way you’re making sure every piece of code that can be used is tested and performs according to plan. Running these tests is usually quite fast, so you’ll be doing it before every commit (usually). |
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- **Integration testing:** If you’re building a system that consists of multiple independent systems working together (think, for instance, a microservice-based architecture), then testing each individual part is not enough. You also have to make sure systems that should interact with each other do so correctly. This is where integration tests come into play. |
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- **End-to-end testing (E2E):** These tests are similar to integration tests, but they also include the UI of the system. There are tools you can use to automate actions in your UI as if a real user were performing them and then checking the result. For example, clicking on a log-out button and checking if you’re later redirected to the log-in screen. This flow would involve the backend performing some actions that result in the user being logged out. |
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- **Load testing:** While not exactly the same process as with the previous test types, load testing is great for backend systems because it helps you determine if your backend is ready to deal with high amounts of traffic. |
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You can think of the list in graphical format as the following diagram: |
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 |
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If you’re just getting started with testing, I’d recommend focusing only on unit testing for the time being. Once you have a grasp on it, start moving out following the above diagram and slowly move into the other types as you progress. |
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## CI/CD and DevOps Familiarity |
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As a backend developer, your code will be constantly deployed, either into cloud environments or perhaps even into normal, on-premise servers. The point is that what you build will run through CI/CD (Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment) processes. |
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These processes will automatically test it (Continuous Integration) and automatically deploy it (if all tests go well). As a backend developer, you’re not usually expected to know and understand how to configure these processes; however, it’s important that you know about them. |
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DevOps is yet another tangential area to that of a backend developer. When teams are small enough, backend devs might be “gently pushed” into tasks such as configuring CI/CD pipelines, setting up servers, and more. These tasks are usually performed by dedicated professionals with the role of DevOps. Their specialty is automation, making the deployment process efficient and ensuring that everything runs smoothly in the real-world server environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the reliability and performance of applications and websites. |
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So, while they’re not strictly the responsibilities of backend developers, they’re close enough to the role’s day-to-day that it would be a good idea to learn about them. If you’re interested in learning more about DevOps, check out [our DevOps roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/devops) containing all the key topics you should learn about if you want to become a DevOps engineer. |
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## Soft Skills |
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Finally, the last set of backend developer skills you should focus on are, actually, not technical skills, nor are they exclusively useful for backend developers. These are skills that every developer should work on during their career: soft skills. |
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### Improving communication |
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The ability to communicate with others, both technical and non-technical people, is crucial in any developer's career. |
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For backend developers, it’s especially important because communicating their work and the effects of it is definitely harder than other roles, such as frontend developers who can actually showcase what they’re building. |
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As a backend developer, you’ll be able to better explain problems or blockers to your colleagues, you’ll be able to perform requirement gathering much more effectively, and you’ll even improve your own problem-solving skills by being better at articulating the problems and potential solutions to yourself. |
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### Critical thinking |
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Honing your critical thinking as a backend developer will help your ability to analyze complex problems, identify patterns much faster, and come up with innovative solutions to the problems you’re facing. |
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Pushing the limits of your critical thinking skills will also foster a more systematic and strategic approach to coding and architecting robust and efficient solutions. |
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In other words, it’ll make you a better and more efficient coder. And who doesn’t want that? |
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## Conclusion |
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To summarize, if you expect to become a backend developer or to grow in the area of backend development: |
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- Keep an eye on the industry to understand what’s the status quo and what’s new and hot. |
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- Understand the basics of software design and architecture. |
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- Look into relational databases and NoSQL databases as well; they’re both important. |
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- Learn how to build and use APIs; they’ll be part of almost every project you work on. |
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- Remember, testing might look like it’s not mandatory, but it’s definitely a standard practice when it comes to backend development. |
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- CI/CD and DevOps are practices you’ll be involved with, either directly or indirectly, so learn about them. |
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- Soft skills are just as important as technical skills if you expect to grow in your career. |
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That said, do not take this list as the ultimate roadmap but rather as a starting point. If you’re willing to take your backend developer career to the next level, push yourself out of your comfort zone and pursue the skills listed here and the ones listed in this detailed [backend development roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/backend). |
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Remember, constant learning is the only absolute truth in the software development world (this is true for backend developers, too). If you keep your skillset updated with the latest trends, you’ll remain adaptable and effective as a backend developer. |
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@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ |
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--- |
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import GuideHeader from '../../components/GuideHeader.astro'; |
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import MarkdownFile from '../../components/MarkdownFile.astro'; |
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import BaseLayout from '../../layouts/BaseLayout.astro'; |
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import { getGuideById } from '../../lib/guide'; |
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const guideId = 'backend-developer-skills'; |
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const guide = await getGuideById(guideId); |
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const { frontmatter: guideData } = guide; |
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--- |
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<BaseLayout |
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title={guideData.seo.title} |
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description={guideData.seo.description} |
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permalink={`/backend/${guideId}`} |
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canonicalUrl={guideData.canonicalUrl} |
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> |
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<GuideHeader guide={guide} /> |
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<div class='mx-auto max-w-[700px] py-5 sm:py-10'> |
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<MarkdownFile> |
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<guide.Content /> |
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</MarkdownFile> |
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</div> |
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</BaseLayout> |
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