* Update dns.md - Fix the YouTube video link error and update the video title.
* Update understand-cia-triad.md
* Update comptia-security.md
- Fix all broken links.
- Update Exam Details.
- Add new links.
- Remove outdated links.
* Update comptia-network.md
- Update Exam Details.
- Preparation Resources.
- New links.
* Update dnssec.md
- summarized content.
- relevant links.
* Update apt.md
- New section
- Added a new link
* Update comptia-a.md
- Updated Professor Messer's link
- New links added
* Apply suggestions from code review
* Update attck.md
- new content.
- relevant links.
* Update src/data/roadmaps/cyber-security/content/attck@auR7fNyd77W2UA-PjXeJS.md
* Update linux.md, comptia-linux.md and understand-the-osi-model.md
Update linux.md
- New Links
- Remove Google Analytics parameters from link
Update comptia-linux.md
- Links updated
Update understand-the-osi-model.md
- New link
* Update cissp.md
- new resources links
* Update src/data/roadmaps/cyber-security/content/cissp@BqvijNoRzSGYLCMP-6hhr.md
* update basics-of-ids-and-ips.md
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* update endpoint-security.md
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* update edr.md
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update ssl-and-tls-basics.md
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update ssl--tls.md
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update dropbox.md
- official link
* ipsec.md
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- new link
kali-linux.md
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linux.md
- fix typo
* Update src/data/roadmaps/cyber-security/content/kali-linux@w6wXkoLrv0_d-Ah0txUHd.md
* change the CEH position to CISSP
This is a suggestion, I believe that CEH appears as a highlight due to the larger space and this bothers many people.
CISSP is a top professional-level certification in the field of cybersecurity and the the most respected certificate in the IT security field. He really deserves his place in the spotlight.
* update xss.md, privilege-escalation.md, wlan.md and others
update xss.md
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update privilege-escalatio.md
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update core-concepts-of-zero-trust.md
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update zero-day.md
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Note: This second zero-day topic is a subset of the "Attack Types and Differences" topic, so the content is minimal compared to the zero-day%40zqRaMmqcLfx400kJ-h0LO.md
update wifi.md
- new video link
update wlan.md
- new video links ( professor messer )
* update vpn.md, web-based-attacks-and-owasp.md
update vpn.md
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update web-based-attacks-and-owasp.md
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* chore: update roadmap content json
---------
Co-authored-by: dsh <daniel.s.holdsworth@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Kamran Ahmed <kamranahmed.se@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: andreluis-oliveira <andreluis-oliveira@users.noreply.github.com>
"description":"**WiFi** stands for \"wireless fidelity\" and is a popular way to connect to the internet without the need for physical cables. It uses radio frequency (RF) technology to communicate between devices, such as routers, computers, tablets, smartphones, and other hardware.\n\nAdvantages of WiFi\n------------------\n\nWiFi has several advantages over wired connections, including:\n\n* **Convenience**: Users can access the internet from anywhere within the WiFi signal's range, providing flexibility and mobility.\n \n* **Easy Setup**: WiFi devices connect to the internet simply by entering a password once, without the need for any additional cables or adapters.\n \n* **Scalability**: WiFi networks can easily expand to accommodate additional devices without the need for significant infrastructure changes.\n \n\nSecurity Risks and WiFi Threats\n-------------------------------\n\nDespite its numerous benefits, WiFi also brings potential security risks. Some common threats include:\n\n* **Eavesdropping**: Hackers can intercept data transmitted over a WiFi connection, potentially accessing sensitive information such as personal or financial details.\n \n* **Rogue access points**: An unauthorized user could set up a fake WiFi network that appears legitimate, tricking users into connecting and providing access to their devices.\n \n* **Man-in-the-middle attacks**: An attacker intercepts data transmission between your device and the WiFi network, potentially altering data or injecting malware.\n \n\nBest Practices for Secure WiFi Connections\n------------------------------------------\n\nTo protect yourself and your devices, follow these best practices:\n\n* **Use strong encryption**: Ensure your WiFi network uses the latest available encryption standards, such as WPA3 or, at minimum, WPA2.\n \n* **Change default credentials**: Change the default username and password for your WiFi router to prevent unauthorized access and configuration.\n \n* **Keep your router firmware up to date**: Regularly check for and install any available firmware updates to prevent potential security vulnerabilities.\n \n* **Create a guest network**: If you have visitors or clients, set up a separate guest network for them to use. This ensures your primary network remains secure.\n \n* **Disable WiFi Protected Setup (WPS)**: Although WPS can simplify the connection process, it may also create security vulnerabilities. Disabling it forces users to connect via the more secure password method.\n \n* **Use a Virtual Private Network (VPN)**: Connect to the internet using a VPN, which provides a secure, encrypted tunnel for data transmission.\n \n\nBy understanding the potential security risks associated with WiFi connections and following these best practices, you can enjoy the convenience, flexibility, and mobility of WiFi while ensuring a secure browsing experience.",
"description":"**WiFi** stands for \"wireless fidelity\" and is a popular way to connect to the internet without the need for physical cables. It uses radio frequency (RF) technology to communicate between devices, such as routers, computers, tablets, smartphones, and other hardware.\n\nAdvantages of WiFi\n------------------\n\nWiFi has several advantages over wired connections, including:\n\n* **Convenience**: Users can access the internet from anywhere within the WiFi signal's range, providing flexibility and mobility.\n \n* **Easy Setup**: WiFi devices connect to the internet simply by entering a password once, without the need for any additional cables or adapters.\n \n* **Scalability**: WiFi networks can easily expand to accommodate additional devices without the need for significant infrastructure changes.\n \n\nSecurity Risks and WiFi Threats\n-------------------------------\n\nDespite its numerous benefits, WiFi also brings potential security risks. Some common threats include:\n\n* **Eavesdropping**: Hackers can intercept data transmitted over a WiFi connection, potentially accessing sensitive information such as personal or financial details.\n \n* **Rogue access points**: An unauthorized user could set up a fake WiFi network that appears legitimate, tricking users into connecting and providing access to their devices.\n \n* **Man-in-the-middle attacks**: An attacker intercepts data transmission between your device and the WiFi network, potentially altering data or injecting malware.\n \n\nBest Practices for Secure WiFi Connections\n------------------------------------------\n\nTo protect yourself and your devices, follow these best practices:\n\n* **Use strong encryption**: Ensure your WiFi network uses the latest available encryption standards, such as WPA3 or, at minimum, WPA2.\n \n* **Change default credentials**: Change the default username and password for your WiFi router to prevent unauthorized access and configuration.\n \n* **Keep your router firmware up to date**: Regularly check for and install any available firmware updates to prevent potential security vulnerabilities.\n \n* **Create a guest network**: If you have visitors or clients, set up a separate guest network for them to use. This ensures your primary network remains secure.\n \n* **Disable WiFi Protected Setup (WPS)**: Although WPS can simplify the connection process, it may also create security vulnerabilities. Disabling it forces users to connect via the more secure password method.\n \n* **Use a Virtual Private Network (VPN)**: Connect to the internet using a VPN, which provides a secure, encrypted tunnel for data transmission.\n \n\nBy understanding the potential security risks associated with WiFi connections and following these best practices, you can enjoy the convenience, flexibility, and mobility of WiFi while ensuring a secure browsing experience.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"A **Virtual Private Network** (VPN) is a technology that provides secure and encrypted connections between devices over a public network, such as the internet. VPNs are primarily used to protect your internet activity and privacy from being accessed or monitored by external parties, such as hackers or government agencies.\n\nThe main components of a VPN are:\n\n* **VPN client**: The software installed on your device that connects to the VPN server.\n* **VPN server**: A remote server that handles and encrypts your internet traffic before sending it to its intended destination.\n* **Encryption**: The process of converting your data into unreadable code to protect it from unauthorized access.\n\nWhen you connect to a VPN, your device's IP address is replaced with the VPN server's IP address, making it seem as if your internet activity is coming from the server's location. This allows you to access content and websites that may be blocked or restricted in your region, and also helps to protect your identity and location online.\n\nUsing a reliable VPN service is an essential part of maintaining good cyber security, especially when using public Wi-Fi networks or accessing sensitive information online.\n\nKeep in mind, however, that not all VPNs are created equal. Make sure to do your research and choose a reputable VPN provider with a strong focus on privacy and security. Some popular and trusted VPN services include ExpressVPN, NordVPN, and CyberGhost.",
"description":"A **Virtual Private Network** (VPN) is a technology that provides secure and encrypted connections between devices over a public network, such as the internet. VPNs are primarily used to protect your internet activity and privacy from being accessed or monitored by external parties, such as hackers or government agencies.\n\nThe main components of a VPN are:\n\n* **VPN client**: The software installed on your device that connects to the VPN server.\n* **VPN server**: A remote server that handles and encrypts your internet traffic before sending it to its intended destination.\n* **Encryption**: The process of converting your data into unreadable code to protect it from unauthorized access.\n\nWhen you connect to a VPN, your device's IP address is replaced with the VPN server's IP address, making it seem as if your internet activity is coming from the server's location. This allows you to access content and websites that may be blocked or restricted in your region, and also helps to protect your identity and location online.\n\nUsing a reliable VPN service is an essential part of maintaining good cyber security, especially when using public Wi-Fi networks or accessing sensitive information online.\n\nKeep in mind, however, that not all VPNs are created equal. Make sure to do your research and choose a reputable VPN provider with a strong focus on privacy and security. Some popular and trusted VPN services include ExpressVPN, NordVPN, and CyberGhost.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"A **Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)** is a type of local area network that uses wireless communication to connect devices, such as computers and smartphones, within a specific area. Unlike a wired network, which requires physical cables to establish connections, WLANs facilitate connections through radio frequency (RF) signals, providing a more flexible networking option.\n\nKey Components of WLAN\n----------------------\n\nThere are two main components in a WLAN:\n\n* **Wireless Access Point (WAP)**: A WAP is a networking device that enables wireless devices to connect to the network. It acts as a bridge between the devices and the wired network, converting RF signals into data that can travel through a wired connection.\n* **Wireless Client**: Wireless clients are devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets that are fitted with WLAN adapters. These adapters enable devices to send and receive wireless signals to connect with the WAP.\n\nKey WLAN Standards\n------------------\n\nThere are several WLAN standards, defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 series. Some of the most common standards include:\n\n* **802.11a**: Supports throughput up to 54 Mbps in the 5 GHz frequency band.\n* **802.11b**: Supports throughput up to 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz frequency band.\n* **802.11g**: Supports throughput up to 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and is backward compatible with 802.11b.\n* **802.11n**: Supports throughput up to 600 Mbps and operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands.\n* **802.11ac**: Supports throughput up to several Gigabits per second and operates in the 5 GHz frequency band. This is currently the most widely adopted standard.\n\nWLAN Security\n-------------\n\nAs WLANs use wireless signals to transmit data, they can be susceptible to various security threats. Some essential security measures include:\n\n* **Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)**: An early security protocol that uses encryption to protect wireless communications. Due to several security flaws, it has been replaced by more secure protocols.\n \n* **Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)**: WPA is an enhanced security protocol that addressed the vulnerabilities of WEP. It uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) for encryption and provides better authentication and encryption methods.\n \n* **Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2)**: WPA2 is an advanced security protocol that uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption and replaces TKIP from WPA. This protocol provides a high level of security and is currently the recommended standard for securing WLANs.\n \n* **Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3)**: WPA3 is the latest security standard with enhanced encryption and authentication features. It addresses the vulnerabilities in WPA2 and provides even stronger security for WLANs.\n \n\nTo maintain a secure WLAN, it's essential to use the appropriate security standard, change default settings, and regularly update firmware to address any security vulnerabilities.",
"description":"A **Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)** is a type of local area network that uses wireless communication to connect devices, such as computers and smartphones, within a specific area. Unlike a wired network, which requires physical cables to establish connections, WLANs facilitate connections through radio frequency (RF) signals, providing a more flexible networking option.\n\nKey Components of WLAN\n----------------------\n\nThere are two main components in a WLAN:\n\n* **Wireless Access Point (WAP)**: A WAP is a networking device that enables wireless devices to connect to the network. It acts as a bridge between the devices and the wired network, converting RF signals into data that can travel through a wired connection.\n* **Wireless Client**: Wireless clients are devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets that are fitted with WLAN adapters. These adapters enable devices to send and receive wireless signals to connect with the WAP.\n\nKey WLAN Standards\n------------------\n\nThere are several WLAN standards, defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 series. Some of the most common standards include:\n\n* **802.11a**: Supports throughput up to 54 Mbps in the 5 GHz frequency band.\n* **802.11b**: Supports throughput up to 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz frequency band.\n* **802.11g**: Supports throughput up to 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and is backward compatible with 802.11b.\n* **802.11n**: Supports throughput up to 600 Mbps and operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands.\n* **802.11ac**: Supports throughput up to several Gigabits per second and operates in the 5 GHz frequency band. This is currently the most widely adopted standard.\n\nWLAN Security\n-------------\n\nAs WLANs use wireless signals to transmit data, they can be susceptible to various security threats. Some essential security measures include:\n\n* **Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)**: An early security protocol that uses encryption to protect wireless communications. Due to several security flaws, it has been replaced by more secure protocols.\n \n* **Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)**: WPA is an enhanced security protocol that addressed the vulnerabilities of WEP. It uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) for encryption and provides better authentication and encryption methods.\n \n* **Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2)**: WPA2 is an advanced security protocol that uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption and replaces TKIP from WPA. This protocol provides a high level of security and is currently the recommended standard for securing WLANs.\n \n* **Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3)**: WPA3 is the latest security standard with enhanced encryption and authentication features. It addresses the vulnerabilities in WPA2 and provides even stronger security for WLANs.\n \n\nTo maintain a secure WLAN, it's essential to use the appropriate security standard, change default settings, and regularly update firmware to address any security vulnerabilities.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"_Zero Trust_ is a modern security framework that addresses the ever-evolving threat landscape in the digital world. It emphasizes the idea of \"never trust, always verify\". This approach requires organizations to abandon the traditional perimeter-based security models and adopt a more comprehensive, holistic approach to protecting their data and assets.\n\nCore Principles\n---------------\n\n* **Deny trust by default**: Assume all network traffic, both inside and outside the organization, is potentially malicious. Do not trust any user, device, or application just because they are within the network perimeter.\n \n* **Verify every request**: Authenticate and authorize all requests (even for those from within the network) before granting access to any resource. Ensure that each user, device, or application is properly identified, and their access to resources is appropriate based on their role, rights, and privileges.\n \n* **Apply least privilege**: Limit users, applications, and devices to the minimum level of access required to perform their functions. This minimizes the risk of unauthorized access, and reduces the potential attack surface.\n \n* **Segment networks**: Isolate and segregate different parts of the network to limit the potential impact of a breach. If an attacker gains access to one segment, they should not be able to move laterally across the network and access other sensitive data.\n \n* **Inspect and log all traffic**: Actively monitor, analyze, and log network traffic to identify potential security incidents and perform forensic investigations. This provides valuable insights for security teams to continuously improve their security posture and detect early signs of malicious activities.\n \n\nBenefits\n--------\n\n* **Reduced attack surface**: Limiting access to sensitive resources and segmenting the network makes it more challenging for attackers to compromise systems and access valuable data.\n \n* **Enhanced visibility and monitoring**: By continuously inspecting and logging all traffic, security teams can gain unprecedented levels of visibility, helping them identify potential threats and attacks more effectively.\n \n* **Improved compliance and governance**: Implementing a Zero Trust model reinforces an organization's compliance and governance posture, ensuring access to sensitive data is only granted to authorized users.\n \n* **Adaptability**: A Zero Trust approach can be applied to a wide range of environments and can be tailored to meet the specific security needs and objectives of an organization.\n \n\nBy implementing a Zero Trust framework, an organization can strengthen its security posture, safeguard against internal and external threats, and maintain control over their critical assets in an increasingly interconnected world.",
"description":"_Zero Trust_ is a modern security framework that addresses the ever-evolving threat landscape in the digital world. It emphasizes the idea of \"never trust, always verify\". This approach requires organizations to abandon the traditional perimeter-based security models and adopt a more comprehensive, holistic approach to protecting their data and assets.\n\nCore Principles\n---------------\n\n* **Deny trust by default**: Assume all network traffic, both inside and outside the organization, is potentially malicious. Do not trust any user, device, or application just because they are within the network perimeter.\n \n* **Verify every request**: Authenticate and authorize all requests (even for those from within the network) before granting access to any resource. Ensure that each user, device, or application is properly identified, and their access to resources is appropriate based on their role, rights, and privileges.\n \n* **Apply least privilege**: Limit users, applications, and devices to the minimum level of access required to perform their functions. This minimizes the risk of unauthorized access, and reduces the potential attack surface.\n \n* **Segment networks**: Isolate and segregate different parts of the network to limit the potential impact of a breach. If an attacker gains access to one segment, they should not be able to move laterally across the network and access other sensitive data.\n \n* **Inspect and log all traffic**: Actively monitor, analyze, and log network traffic to identify potential security incidents and perform forensic investigations. This provides valuable insights for security teams to continuously improve their security posture and detect early signs of malicious activities.\n \n\nBenefits\n--------\n\n* **Reduced attack surface**: Limiting access to sensitive resources and segmenting the network makes it more challenging for attackers to compromise systems and access valuable data.\n \n* **Enhanced visibility and monitoring**: By continuously inspecting and logging all traffic, security teams can gain unprecedented levels of visibility, helping them identify potential threats and attacks more effectively.\n \n* **Improved compliance and governance**: Implementing a Zero Trust model reinforces an organization's compliance and governance posture, ensuring access to sensitive data is only granted to authorized users.\n \n* **Adaptability**: A Zero Trust approach can be applied to a wide range of environments and can be tailored to meet the specific security needs and objectives of an organization.\n \n\nBy implementing a Zero Trust framework, an organization can strengthen its security posture, safeguard against internal and external threats, and maintain control over their critical assets in an increasingly interconnected world.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Privilege escalation attacks occur when an attacker gains unauthorized access to a system and then elevates their privileges to perform actions that they should not have been able to do. There are two main types of privilege escalation:\n\n* **Horizontal Privilege Escalation**: In this type of attack, an attacker gains unauthorized access to a user account with the same privilege level as their own, but is able to perform actions or access data that belongs to another user.\n \n* **Vertical Privilege Escalation**: Also known as \"Privilege Elevation,\" this type of attack involves an attacker gaining unauthorized access to a system and then elevating their privilege level from a regular user to an administrator, system owner, or root user. This provides the attacker with greater control over the system and its resources.\n \n\nTo protect your systems and data from privilege escalation attacks, consider implementing the following best practices:\n\n* **Principle of Least Privilege**: Assign the minimum necessary access and privileges to each user account, and regularly review and update access permissions as required.\n \n* **Regularly Update and Patch Software**: Keep your software and systems up-to-date with the latest security patches to address known vulnerabilities that could be exploited in privilege escalation attacks.\n \n* **Implement Strong Authentication and Authorization**: Use strong authentication methods (e.g., multi-factor authentication) and ensure proper access controls are in place to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data or system resources.\n \n* **Conduct Security Audits**: Regularly check for any misconfigurations, vulnerabilities or outdated software that could be exploited in privilege escalation attacks.\n \n* **Monitor and Log System Activities**: Implement logging and monitoring systems to detect suspicious account activities or changes in user privileges that may indicate a privilege escalation attack.\n \n\nBy understanding the types of privilege escalation attacks and following these best practices, you can create a more secure environment for your data and systems, and reduce the risk of unauthorized users gaining unrestricted access.",
"description":"Privilege escalation attacks occur when an attacker gains unauthorized access to a system and then elevates their privileges to perform actions that they should not have been able to do. There are two main types of privilege escalation:\n\n* **Horizontal Privilege Escalation**: In this type of attack, an attacker gains unauthorized access to a user account with the same privilege level as their own, but is able to perform actions or access data that belongs to another user.\n \n* **Vertical Privilege Escalation**: Also known as \"Privilege Elevation,\" this type of attack involves an attacker gaining unauthorized access to a system and then elevating their privilege level from a regular user to an administrator, system owner, or root user. This provides the attacker with greater control over the system and its resources.\n \n\nTo protect your systems and data from privilege escalation attacks, consider implementing the following best practices:\n\n* **Principle of Least Privilege**: Assign the minimum necessary access and privileges to each user account, and regularly review and update access permissions as required.\n \n* **Regularly Update and Patch Software**: Keep your software and systems up-to-date with the latest security patches to address known vulnerabilities that could be exploited in privilege escalation attacks.\n \n* **Implement Strong Authentication and Authorization**: Use strong authentication methods (e.g., multi-factor authentication) and ensure proper access controls are in place to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data or system resources.\n \n* **Conduct Security Audits**: Regularly check for any misconfigurations, vulnerabilities or outdated software that could be exploited in privilege escalation attacks.\n \n* **Monitor and Log System Activities**: Implement logging and monitoring systems to detect suspicious account activities or changes in user privileges that may indicate a privilege escalation attack.\n \n\nBy understanding the types of privilege escalation attacks and following these best practices, you can create a more secure environment for your data and systems, and reduce the risk of unauthorized users gaining unrestricted access.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is a non-profit organization focused on improving the security of software. One of their most well-known projects is the **OWASP Top 10**, which is a list of the most critical web application security risks. The Top 10 project aims to raise awareness and provide businesses, developers, and security teams with guidance on how to address these risks effectively.\n\nThe OWASP Top 10 is updated periodically, with the most recent version released in 2021. Here is a brief summary of the current top 10 security risks:\n\n* **Injection**: Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, or OS command injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query, allowing an attacker to execute malicious commands or access unauthorized data.\n \n* **Broken Authentication**: Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or exploit other implementation flaws to assume users' identities.\n \n* **Sensitive Data Exposure**: Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, or personally identifiable information (PII). Attackers can steal or modify this data to conduct crimes like identity theft or credit card fraud.\n \n* **XML External Entities (XXE)**: Poorly configured XML parsers can be vulnerable to external entity attacks, allowing attackers to access unauthorized data, perform server-side request forgery (SSRF), or launch denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.\n \n* **Broken Access Control**: Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do often fail to be properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality or data, modify user access, or perform other unauthorized actions.\n \n* **Security Misconfiguration**: Insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages can provide attackers with valuable information to exploit vulnerabilities.\n \n* **Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)**: XSS flaws occur when an application includes untrusted data in a web page without proper validation or escaping. Attackers can execute malicious scripts in the context of the user's browser, leading to account takeover, defacement, or redirection to malicious sites.\n \n* **Insecure Deserialization**: Insecure deserialization flaws can enable an attacker to execute arbitrary code, conduct injection attacks, elevate privileges, or perform other malicious actions.\n \n* **Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities**: Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may compromise the system if those vulnerabilities are exploited.\n \n* **Insufficient Logging & Monitoring**: Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with inadequate integration with incident response, allow attackers to maintain their presence within a system, move laterally, and exfiltrate or tamper with data.\n \n\nTo mitigate these risks, the OWASP Top 10 project provides detailed information, including how to test for each risk, code examples for various programming languages, and specific steps to prevent or remediate the issues. By understanding and implementing the recommended practices, organizations can improve their web application security and protect their users' data.",
"description":"The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is a non-profit organization focused on improving the security of software. One of their most well-known projects is the **OWASP Top 10**, which is a list of the most critical web application security risks. The Top 10 project aims to raise awareness and provide businesses, developers, and security teams with guidance on how to address these risks effectively.\n\nThe OWASP Top 10 is updated periodically, with the most recent version released in 2021. Here is a brief summary of the current top 10 security risks:\n\n* **Injection**: Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, or OS command injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query, allowing an attacker to execute malicious commands or access unauthorized data.\n \n* **Broken Authentication**: Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or exploit other implementation flaws to assume users' identities.\n \n* **Sensitive Data Exposure**: Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, or personally identifiable information (PII). Attackers can steal or modify this data to conduct crimes like identity theft or credit card fraud.\n \n* **XML External Entities (XXE)**: Poorly configured XML parsers can be vulnerable to external entity attacks, allowing attackers to access unauthorized data, perform server-side request forgery (SSRF), or launch denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.\n \n* **Broken Access Control**: Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do often fail to be properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality or data, modify user access, or perform other unauthorized actions.\n \n* **Security Misconfiguration**: Insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages can provide attackers with valuable information to exploit vulnerabilities.\n \n* **Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)**: XSS flaws occur when an application includes untrusted data in a web page without proper validation or escaping. Attackers can execute malicious scripts in the context of the user's browser, leading to account takeover, defacement, or redirection to malicious sites.\n \n* **Insecure Deserialization**: Insecure deserialization flaws can enable an attacker to execute arbitrary code, conduct injection attacks, elevate privileges, or perform other malicious actions.\n \n* **Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities**: Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may compromise the system if those vulnerabilities are exploited.\n \n* **Insufficient Logging & Monitoring**: Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with inadequate integration with incident response, allow attackers to maintain their presence within a system, move laterally, and exfiltrate or tamper with data.\n \n\nTo mitigate these risks, the OWASP Top 10 project provides detailed information, including how to test for each risk, code examples for various programming languages, and specific steps to prevent or remediate the issues. By understanding and implementing the recommended practices, organizations can improve their web application security and protect their users' data.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"A **zero-day** is the technique used by an attacker to infiltrate a system that has a vulnerability that is not publicly known. The term \"zero day\" signifies that the attack occurs before the target becomes aware of the existing vulnerability. In this scenario, the attacker deploys malware prior to the developer or vendor having the chance to issue a patch to rectify the flaw.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
"description":"Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a security vulnerability that affects web applications, allowing attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users. These scripts can then be executed by the browsers of unsuspecting users who visit the compromised web page. The danger of XSS lies in its ability to access cookies, session tokens, and other sensitive information that the user's browser handles, potentially leading to unauthorized actions being performed on behalf of the user.\n\nTypes of XSS\n------------\n\n* **Stored XSS**: occurs when a malicious script is permanently stored on a target server, such as in a database, message forum, visitor log, or comment field.\n \n* **Reflected XSS**: The attack is called \"reflected\" because the malicious script is reflected off the web server, such as in an error message or search result, rather than being stored on the server.\n \n* **DOM-based XSS** is a type of attack where the vulnerability exists in the client-side script itself rather than the server-side code.\n \n\nHow to prevent XSS\n------------------\n\nPrevention strategies involve a combination of validating and sanitizing input, employing security features of web frameworks, and implementing Content Security Policies (CSP). Techniques such as output encoding and HTML sanitization are essential to ensure that user-supplied data does not execute as code in browsers, thus mitigating potential attacks.\n\nVisit the following resources to learn more:",
@ -25,3 +25,7 @@ _Zero Trust_ is a modern security framework that addresses the ever-evolving thr
- **Adaptability**: A Zero Trust approach can be applied to a wide range of environments and can be tailored to meet the specific security needs and objectives of an organization.
- **Adaptability**: A Zero Trust approach can be applied to a wide range of environments and can be tailored to meet the specific security needs and objectives of an organization.
By implementing a Zero Trust framework, an organization can strengthen its security posture, safeguard against internal and external threats, and maintain control over their critical assets in an increasingly interconnected world.
By implementing a Zero Trust framework, an organization can strengthen its security posture, safeguard against internal and external threats, and maintain control over their critical assets in an increasingly interconnected world.
Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [@video@Zero Trust - Professor Messer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zC_Pndpg8-c)
@ -19,3 +19,7 @@ To protect your systems and data from privilege escalation attacks, consider imp
- **Monitor and Log System Activities**: Implement logging and monitoring systems to detect suspicious account activities or changes in user privileges that may indicate a privilege escalation attack.
- **Monitor and Log System Activities**: Implement logging and monitoring systems to detect suspicious account activities or changes in user privileges that may indicate a privilege escalation attack.
By understanding the types of privilege escalation attacks and following these best practices, you can create a more secure environment for your data and systems, and reduce the risk of unauthorized users gaining unrestricted access.
By understanding the types of privilege escalation attacks and following these best practices, you can create a more secure environment for your data and systems, and reduce the risk of unauthorized users gaining unrestricted access.
@ -13,3 +13,8 @@ When you connect to a VPN, your device's IP address is replaced with the VPN ser
Using a reliable VPN service is an essential part of maintaining good cyber security, especially when using public Wi-Fi networks or accessing sensitive information online.
Using a reliable VPN service is an essential part of maintaining good cyber security, especially when using public Wi-Fi networks or accessing sensitive information online.
Keep in mind, however, that not all VPNs are created equal. Make sure to do your research and choose a reputable VPN provider with a strong focus on privacy and security. Some popular and trusted VPN services include ExpressVPN, NordVPN, and CyberGhost.
Keep in mind, however, that not all VPNs are created equal. Make sure to do your research and choose a reputable VPN provider with a strong focus on privacy and security. Some popular and trusted VPN services include ExpressVPN, NordVPN, and CyberGhost.
@ -25,3 +25,8 @@ The OWASP Top 10 is updated periodically, with the most recent version released
- **Insufficient Logging & Monitoring**: Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with inadequate integration with incident response, allow attackers to maintain their presence within a system, move laterally, and exfiltrate or tamper with data.
- **Insufficient Logging & Monitoring**: Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with inadequate integration with incident response, allow attackers to maintain their presence within a system, move laterally, and exfiltrate or tamper with data.
To mitigate these risks, the OWASP Top 10 project provides detailed information, including how to test for each risk, code examples for various programming languages, and specific steps to prevent or remediate the issues. By understanding and implementing the recommended practices, organizations can improve their web application security and protect their users' data.
To mitigate these risks, the OWASP Top 10 project provides detailed information, including how to test for each risk, code examples for various programming languages, and specific steps to prevent or remediate the issues. By understanding and implementing the recommended practices, organizations can improve their web application security and protect their users' data.
Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [@official@OWASP Top Ten](https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/)
- [@video@OWASP Top Ten](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLyqga7AXMtPOguwtCCXGZUKvd2CDCmUgQ&si=ZYRbcDSRvqTOnDOo)
@ -40,5 +40,8 @@ To protect yourself and your devices, follow these best practices:
By understanding the potential security risks associated with WiFi connections and following these best practices, you can enjoy the convenience, flexibility, and mobility of WiFi while ensuring a secure browsing experience.
By understanding the potential security risks associated with WiFi connections and following these best practices, you can enjoy the convenience, flexibility, and mobility of WiFi while ensuring a secure browsing experience.
@ -32,3 +32,10 @@ As WLANs use wireless signals to transmit data, they can be susceptible to vario
- **Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3)**: WPA3 is the latest security standard with enhanced encryption and authentication features. It addresses the vulnerabilities in WPA2 and provides even stronger security for WLANs.
- **Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3)**: WPA3 is the latest security standard with enhanced encryption and authentication features. It addresses the vulnerabilities in WPA2 and provides even stronger security for WLANs.
To maintain a secure WLAN, it's essential to use the appropriate security standard, change default settings, and regularly update firmware to address any security vulnerabilities.
To maintain a secure WLAN, it's essential to use the appropriate security standard, change default settings, and regularly update firmware to address any security vulnerabilities.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a security vulnerability that affects web applications, allowing attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users. These scripts can then be executed by the browsers of unsuspecting users who visit the compromised web page. The danger of XSS lies in its ability to access cookies, session tokens, and other sensitive information that the user's browser handles, potentially leading to unauthorized actions being performed on behalf of the user.
## Types of XSS
- **Stored XSS**: occurs when a malicious script is permanently stored on a target server, such as in a database, message forum, visitor log, or comment field.
- **Reflected XSS**: The attack is called "reflected" because the malicious script is reflected off the web server, such as in an error message or search result, rather than being stored on the server.
- **DOM-based XSS** is a type of attack where the vulnerability exists in the client-side script itself rather than the server-side code.
## How to prevent XSS
Prevention strategies involve a combination of validating and sanitizing input, employing security features of web frameworks, and implementing Content Security Policies (CSP). Techniques such as output encoding and HTML sanitization are essential to ensure that user-supplied data does not execute as code in browsers, thus mitigating potential attacks.
Visit the following resources to learn more:
- [@article@Cross Site Scripting (XSS) - OWASP](https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/xss/)
= [@article@Cross Site Scripting Prevention Cheat Sheet](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Cross_Site_Scripting_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html)
A **zero-day** is the technique used by an attacker to infiltrate a system that has a vulnerability that is not publicly known. The term "zero day" signifies that the attack occurs before the target becomes aware of the existing vulnerability. In this scenario, the attacker deploys malware prior to the developer or vendor having the chance to issue a patch to rectify the flaw.
André Oliveira
3 months ago
committed by
GitHub