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"description": "C++ standards are a set of rules and guidelines that define the language's features, syntax, and semantics. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is responsible for maintaining and updating the C++ standards. The main purpose of the standards is to ensure consistency, efficiency, and maintainability across multiple platforms and compilers.\n\nHere's a brief summary of the different C++ standards released to date:\n\n* **C++98/C++03**: The first standardized version of C++, which introduced many features like templates, exceptions, and the Standard Template Library (STL). C++03 is a minor update to C++98 with some bug fixes and performance improvements.\n \n* **C++11**: A major upgrade to the language, which introduced features such as:\n \n * Lambda expressions:\n \n auto sum = [](int a, int b) -> int { return a + b; };\n \n \n * Range-based for loops:\n \n std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n for (int num : numbers) {\n std::cout << num << '\\n';\n }\n \n \n * Smart pointers like `std::shared_ptr` and `std::unique_ptr`.\n* **C++14**: A minor update to C++11, which added features such as:\n \n * Generic lambda expressions:\n \n auto generic_sum = [](auto a, auto b) { return a + b; };\n \n \n * Binary literals:\n \n int binary_number = 0b1010;\n \n \n* **C++17**: Another major update that introduced features such as:\n \n * `if` and `switch` with initializers:\n \n if (auto it = my_map.find(key); it != my_map.end()) {\n // use 'it' here\n }\n \n \n * Structured bindings:\n \n std::map<std::string, int> my_map = {{\"A\", 1}, {\"B\", 2}};\n for (const auto& [key, value] : my_map) {\n // use 'key' and 'value' here\n }\n \n \n* **C++20**: The latest major update to the language, with features such as:\n \n * Concepts:\n \n template<typename T>\n concept Addable = requires(T a, T b) {\n { a + b } -> std::same_as<T>;\n };\n \n \n * Ranges:\n \n std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n auto doubled = numbers | std::views::transform([](int n) { return n * 2; });\n \n \n * Coroutines and more.\n\nRemember that to use these language features, you might need to configure your compiler to use the specific C++ standard version. For example, with GCC or Clang, you can use the `-std=c++11`, `-std=c++14`, `-std=c++17`, or `-std=c++20` flags.", |