Corrected / Improved C++ roadmap (#5947)

Updated c++ content with `std::` as this is the recommended method. Added content links where needed and corrected various wording and grammar.

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/101-setting-up/100-installing.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 Before you can start programming in C++, you will need to have a compiler installed on your system. A compiler is a program that converts the C++ code you write into an executable file that your computer can run. There are several popular C++ compilers to choose from, depending on your operating system and preference.
 
 ### Windows
-For Windows, one popular option is to install the [Microsoft Visual Studio IDE](https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/), which includes the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler.
+For Windows, one popular option is to install the [Microsoft Visual Studio IDE](https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/), which includes the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (MSVC).
 
-Alternatively, you can also install the [MinGW-w64](https://mingw-w64.org/) compiler, which is a Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). To install MinGW-w64, follow these steps:
+Alternatively, you can also install the [MinGW-w64](https://mingw-w64.org/) compiler system, which is a Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). To install MinGW-w64, follow these steps:
 
 - Download the installer from [here](https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw-w64/files/).
 - Run the installer and select your desired architecture, version, and install location.

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/101-setting-up/101-code-editors.md

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 # Code Editors
 
-Code editors are programs specifically designed for editing, managing and writing source code. They offer a wide range of features that make the development process easier and faster. Here's a brief introduction to some of the most popular code editors for C++:
+Code editors and IDEs are programs specifically designed for editing, managing and writing source code. They offer a wide range of features that make the development process easier and faster. Here's a brief introduction to some of the most popular code editors and IDEs for C++:
 
-- **Visual Studio Code (VSCode)**: Visual Studio Code is a popular, free, open-source, and lightweight code editor developed by Microsoft. It has built-in support for C++, along with an extensive library of extensions and plugins.
+- **Visual Studio**: Visual Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Windows, developed by Microsoft. It includes its own integrated compiler known as Microsoft Visual C++ (MSVC).
+
+- **Visual Studio Code (VSCode)**: Visual Studio Code is a popular, free, open-source, and lightweight code editor developed by Microsoft. It offers an extensive library of extensions that enhance functionality for C++ development.
 
 - **Sublime Text**: Sublime Text is a cross-platform text editor that is quite popular among developers due to its speed and minimalist design. It supports C++ with the help of plugins and has a variety of themes and packages available for customization.
 

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/101-setting-up/index.md

@@ -6,9 +6,8 @@ Setting up C++ requires a few steps, including installing a compiler, configurin
 
 A compiler is required to convert C++ code into machine language. Some popular C++ compilers include:
 
-- GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for Linux and macOS
+- GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for Linux and macOS, but can also be used on Windows through MinGW
-- MinGW (Minimalist GNU for Windows) for Windows
+- MSVC (Microsoft Visual C++) for Windows
-- Microsoft Visual C++ for Windows
 
 To install a compiler, simply follow the instructions provided by the respective websites.
 
@@ -54,4 +53,4 @@ Setting up C++ involves:
 - Configuring an IDE (e.g. Visual Studio, Eclipse, or Code::Blocks)
 - Creating a new C++ project and writing code
 
-By following these steps, you'll be ready to start developing C++ applications!
+By following these steps, you'll be ready to start developing C++ applications!

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/102-basic-operations/101-logical-operators.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ C++ provides the following logical operators:
    ```cpp
    int a = 5, b = 10;
    if (a > 0 && b > 0) {
-       cout << "Both values are positive." << endl;
+       std::cout << "Both values are positive." << std::endl;
    }
    ```
 - **OR Operator (||)**
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ C++ provides the following logical operators:
    ```cpp
    int a = 5, b = -10;
    if (a > 0 || b > 0) {
-       cout << "At least one value is positive." << endl;
+       std::cout << "At least one value is positive." << std::endl;
    }
    ```
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ C++ provides the following logical operators:
    ```cpp
    int a = 5;
    if (!(a < 0)) {
-       cout << "The value is not negative." << endl;
+       std::cout << "The value is not negative." << std::endl;
    }
    ```
 
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ Using these operators, you can create more complex logical expressions, for exam
 int a = 5, b = -10, c = 15;
 
 if (a > 0 && (b > 0 || c > 0)) {
-    cout << "At least two values are positive." << endl;
+    std::cout << "At least two values are positive." << std::endl;
 }
 ```
 
-This covers the essential information about logical operators in C++.
+This covers the essential information about logical operators in C++.

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/102-basic-operations/102-loops.md

@@ -18,11 +18,10 @@ For example:
 
 ```cpp
 #include <iostream>
-using namespace std;
 
 int main() {
     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-        cout << "Iteration: " << i << endl;
+        std::cout << "Iteration: " << i << std::endl;
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -44,12 +43,11 @@ For example:
 
 ```cpp
 #include <iostream>
-using namespace std;
 
 int main() {
     int i = 0;
     while (i < 5) {
-        cout << "Iteration: " << i << endl;
+        std::cout << "Iteration: " << i << std::endl;
         i++;
     }
     return 0;
@@ -72,12 +70,11 @@ For example:
 
 ```cpp
 #include <iostream>
-using namespace std;
 
 int main() {
     int i = 0;
     do {
-        cout << "Iteration: " << i << endl;
+        std::cout << "Iteration: " << i << std::endl;
         i++;
     } while (i < 5);
     return 0;

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/103-functions/index.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ A **function** is a group of statements that perform a specific task, organized
 
 There are mainly two types of functions in C++:
 
-- **Standard library functions**: Pre-defined functions available in the C++ standard library, such as `printf()`, `scanf()`, `sqrt()`, and many more. These functions are part of the standard library, so you need to include the appropriate header file to use them.
+- **Standard library functions**: Pre-defined functions available in the C++ standard library, such as `sort()`, `strlen()`, `sqrt()`, and many more. These functions are part of the standard library, so you need to include the appropriate header file to use them.
 
 - **User-defined functions**: Functions created by the programmer to perform a specific task. To create a user-defined function, you need to define the function and call it in your code.
 
@@ -20,13 +20,12 @@ return_type function_name(parameter list) {
 
 - `return_type`: Data type of the output produced by the function. It can be `void`, indicating that the function doesn't return any value.
 - `function_name`: Name given to the function, following C++ naming conventions.
-- `parameter list`: List of input parameters/arguments that are needed to perform the task. It is optional, and when no parameters are needed, you can leave it blank or use the keyword `void`.
+- `parameter list`: List of input parameters/arguments that are needed to perform the task. It is optional, you can leave it blank when no parameters are needed.
 
 ## Example
 
 ```cpp
 #include <iostream>
-using namespace std;
 
 // Function to add two numbers
 int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
 int main() {
     int num1 = 5, num2 = 10;
     int result = addNumbers(num1, num2); // Calling the function
-    cout << "The sum is: " << result << endl;
+    std::cout << "The sum is: " << result << std::endl;
     return 0;
 }
 ```
@@ -52,7 +51,6 @@ A function prototype is a declaration of the function without its body, and it i
 
 ```cpp
 #include <iostream>
-using namespace std;
 
 // Function prototype
 int multiplyNumbers(int x, int y);
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ int multiplyNumbers(int x, int y);
 int main() {
     int num1 = 3, num2 = 7;
     int result = multiplyNumbers(num1, num2); // Calling the function
-    cout << "The product is: " << result << endl;
+    std::cout << "The product is: " << result << std::endl;
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -75,4 +73,4 @@ In this example, we use a function prototype for `multiplyNumbers()` before defi
 
 Learn more from the following resources:
 
-- [@article@introduction to functions in c++](https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/introduction-to-functions/)
+- [@article@introduction to functions in c++](https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/introduction-to-functions/)

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/104-data-types/index.md

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Structures are used to store different data types under a single variable and ac
 Example:
 ```cpp
 struct Person {
-    string name;
+    std::string name;
     int age;
     float height;
 };
@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ Example:
 ```cpp
 class Person {
 public:
-    string name;
+    std::string name;
     int age;
 
     void printInfo() {
-        cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age << endl;
+        std::cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age << std::endl;
     };
 };
 

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/105-pointers-and-references/100-references.md

@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ You can use the reference just like you'd use the original variable. When you ch
 
 ```cpp
 var = 20;            // Sets the value of var to 20
-cout << ref << endl; // Outputs 20
+std::cout << ref << std::endl; // Outputs 20
 
 ref = 30;            // Sets the value of ref to 30
-cout << var << endl; // Outputs 30
+std::cout << var << std::endl; // Outputs 30
 ```
 
 ## Function Parameters
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ void swap(int& a, int& b) {
 
 int main() {
    int x = 5, y = 10;
-   cout << "Before Swap: x = " << x << " y = " << y << endl; // Outputs 5 10
+   std::cout << "Before Swap: x = " << x << " y = " << y << std::endl; // Outputs 5 10
    
    swap(x, y);
-   cout << "After Swap: x = " << x << " y = " << y << endl;  // Outputs 10 5
+   std::cout << "After Swap: x = " << x << " y = " << y << std::endl;  // Outputs 10 5
 }
-```
+```

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/107-structures-and-classes/101-oop/100-static-polymorphism/overloading-functions.md

@@ -10,18 +10,17 @@ Here's an example illustrating function overloading:
 
 ```cpp
 #include <iostream>
-using namespace std;
 
 void print(int num) {
-    cout << "Printing int: " << num << endl;
+    std::cout << "Printing int: " << num << std::endl;
 }
 
 void print(double num) {
-    cout << "Printing double: " << num << endl;
+    std::cout << "Printing double: " << num << std::endl;
 }
 
 void print(char const *str) {
-    cout << "Printing string: " << str << endl;
+    std::cout << "Printing string: " << str << std::endl;
 }
 
 int main() {
@@ -43,4 +42,4 @@ Printing double: 3.14
 Printing string: Hello, world!
 ```
 
-Keep in mind that the number of parameters and their types should be different for two functions to be overloaded.
+Keep in mind that the number of parameters and their types should be different for two functions to be overloaded.

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/108-exception-handling/100-exceptions/index.md

@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ try {
     throw "Division by zero not allowed!";
   } else {
     int result = num1 / num2;
-    cout << "Result: " << result << endl;
+    std::cout << "Result: " << result << std::endl;
   }
 }
 catch (const char* e) {
-  cout << "Error: " << e << endl;
+  std::cout << "Error: " << e << std::endl;
 }
 ```
 
-In summary, exception handling in C++ is a technique to handle runtime errors while maintaining the normal flow of the program. The `try`, `catch`, and `throw` keywords are used together to create the structure to deal with exceptions as they occur.
+In summary, exception handling in C++ is a technique to handle runtime errors while maintaining the normal flow of the program. The `try`, `catch`, and `throw` keywords are used together to create the structure to deal with exceptions as they occur.

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/109-language-concepts/index.md

@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ Example:
 ```cpp
 // If-else statement
 if (age > 18) {
-    cout << "You are eligible to vote.";
+    std::cout << "You are eligible to vote.";
 } else {
-    cout << "You are not eligible to vote.";
+    std::cout << "You are not eligible to vote.";
 }
 
 // For loop
 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-    cout << "Hello World!";
+    std::cout << "Hello World!";
 }
 ```
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int add(int a, int b) {
 
 int main() {
     int sum = add(10, 20);
-    cout << "The sum is: " << sum;
+    std::cout << "The sum is: " << sum;
     return 0;
 }
 ```
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Example:
 int marks[] = {90, 80, 95, 85};
 
 // Vector
-vector<int> scores = {10, 20, 30, 40};
+std::vector<int> scores = {10, 20, 30, 40};
 ```
 
 ## Pointers
@@ -80,17 +80,17 @@ Example:
 ```cpp
 // Structure
 struct Student {
-    string name;
+    std::string name;
     int age;
 };
 
 // Class
 class Employee {
 public:
-    string name;
+    std::string name;
     int age;
     void displayInfo() {
-        cout << "Name: " << name << "\nAge: " << age;
+        std::cout << "Name: " << name << "\nAge: " << age;
     }
 };
 ```
@@ -103,14 +103,14 @@ Example:
 class Base {
 public:
     void display() {
-        cout << "This is the base class.";
+        std::cout << "This is the base class.";
     }
 };
 
 class Derived : public Base {
 public:
     void display() {
-        cout << "This is the derived class.";
+        std::cout << "This is the derived class.";
     }
 };
 ```
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ try {
     // Code that might throw an exception
     int result = a / b;
 } catch (const exception &e) {
-    cout << "Caught an exception: " << e.what();
+    std::cout << "Caught an exception: " << e.what();
 }
 ```
 
-These are some of the key language concepts in C++, which will help you to understand the language better and develop efficient and maintainable applications.
+These are some of the key language concepts in C++, which will help you to understand the language better and develop efficient and maintainable applications.

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/114-debuggers/100-debugger-messages.md

@@ -45,14 +45,13 @@ Example using GDB:
 // test.cpp
 
 #include <iostream>
-using namespace std;
 
 int main() {
     int num1 = 10;
     int num2 = 0;
     int result = num1 / num2;
 
-    cout << "Result: " << result << endl;
+    std::cout << "Result: " << result << std::endl;
 
     return 0;
 }
@@ -72,4 +71,4 @@ Program received signal SIGFPE, Arithmetic exception.
 7       int result = num1 / num2;
 ```
 
-Now you can make appropriate changes to fix the issue in your C++ code.
+Now you can make appropriate changes to fix the issue in your C++ code.

src/data/roadmaps/cpp/content/libraries/102-poco.md

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ Here's an example demonstrating an HTTP client using the Poco library:
 
 using namespace Poco::Net;
 using namespace Poco;
-using namespace std;
 
 int main()
 {
@@ -45,22 +44,24 @@ int main()
 
     // Process the response
     HTTPResponse response;
-    istream& responseStream = session.receiveResponse(response);
+    std::istream& responseStream = session.receiveResponse(response);
     if (response.getStatus() == HTTPResponse::HTTP_OK)
     {
       // Successful
+      std::string responseBody;
       StreamCopier::copyToString(responseStream, responseBody);
-      cout << "Response: " << responseBody << endl;
+
+      std::cout << "Response: " << responseBody << std::endl;
     }
     else
     {
       // Error
-      cout << "Error: " << response.getStatus() << " " << response.getReason() << endl;
+      std::cout << "Error: " << response.getStatus() << " " << response.getReason() << std::endl;
     }
   }
   catch(const Exception& e)
   {
-    cerr << "Error: " << e.displayText() << endl;
+    std::cerr << "Error: " << e.displayText() << std::endl;
     return -1;
   }