Arik Chakma
2 months ago
commit
f75579806b
344 changed files with 4854 additions and 11927 deletions
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"Ljy-Mc0EBBX4_vXfYZ5-4": { |
||||
"title": "EXEC", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"U6hST1MkS16T2CHV3-Ise": { |
||||
"title": "MULTI", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"msW0Wd2H-6FFNDnjC64t-": { |
||||
"title": "Optimistic Locking", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"Veb30QrPYNjUn13dtGbUr": { |
||||
"title": "Lua Scripting", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"rjeq3i9oX8IGyQzo--L3c": { |
||||
"title": "EVAL", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"3X0x_PcJGWBVPL-LSVAln": { |
||||
"title": "EVALSHA", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"kF_nGo845XDwLkwcQt008": { |
||||
"title": "Usecases", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"bQaek7f3dAaZfSUhwovm1": { |
||||
"title": "Persistence Options", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"D3pZdAjwPFMRxX1-iyu5-": { |
||||
"title": "How RDB Works?", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"_pb2DPrFUUZabKxWsuFUo": { |
||||
"title": "Configuring Save Interval", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"Z6yJwUkcDX08HoMyf1LwX": { |
||||
"title": "Usecases / Best Practices", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"PTj6oxvpw8vP295WvAI80": { |
||||
"title": "How AOF Works?", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"ibaZ34-laQtUyxAsERi7o": { |
||||
"title": "AOF rewrite & compaction", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"9ToKTUqbi-NV5Wcwb21PT": { |
||||
"title": "Truncation / Corruption", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"VvOQUO22ZF8VvDSqHENNU": { |
||||
"title": "Usecases", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"vzp7DUpjklzIA0E9WxJQA": { |
||||
"title": "Usecases / Best Practices", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"80035BzcB-fKCvD_3N8zE": { |
||||
"title": "No Persistence Option", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"3S-qqOlfr60HR4VvDr4He": { |
||||
"title": "RDB vs AOF Tradeoffs", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"S5Y26m1oHCQpB-oLCdtac": { |
||||
"title": "Hybrid Persistence", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"rSD8nJ-uNpHJVe5Hn66h7": { |
||||
"title": "Replication Basics", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"nci3OB1NE1zJHUPfZCOpT": { |
||||
"title": "Redis Sentinel", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"AQiCcHS6dBAAAPloxiXub": { |
||||
"title": "Clustering", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"Qy42paiTUsO8HIwbWTMui": { |
||||
"title": "Authentication", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"wsuKH7YwGDV6GYQbdhA4o": { |
||||
"title": "Network Security", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"gdiWwTQg6A-BFHdQBmgmH": { |
||||
"title": "SSL/TLS Encryption", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"q2Jw49QUWCUGIfcEC1bZI": { |
||||
"title": "INFO", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"jBtEiylcedtaE6E20Uk4V": { |
||||
"title": "MONITOR", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"XBPwHgIsXupMsyoOFkJZ0": { |
||||
"title": "RedisInsight", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"y5FPSAi6T-5X9SUfR58_-": { |
||||
"title": "RedisCommander", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"xF0wQYmtwXYkrzvWg5gOO": { |
||||
"title": "Memory Management", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"Sd1ENOXSFCz1YqccXjr2A": { |
||||
"title": "Max Memory Policy", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"yaCWw2KjX58SaPajUAb0d": { |
||||
"title": "Slow Log Analysis", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"kgHwK4N-sfh6dHjd_D_me": { |
||||
"title": "redis-benchmark", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"2p5RF4lVYfRvYTo1Ofm-a": { |
||||
"title": "Monitoring", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"hLIT00Iz7rV56ZBIUhWYn": { |
||||
"title": "Redis Modules", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"jicsfYw56VrbRUt7M8c85": { |
||||
"title": "RedisJSON", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"_GdTXcJO8uJlhPdfrmeXG": { |
||||
"title": "Search", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"RBr8opWSh2TKXC8Fmdg0j": { |
||||
"title": "RedisTimeSeries", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"GwVL5CvbnHsiWb1hVh7lK": { |
||||
"title": "RedisBloom", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"giyKPtQ-pziA064P8OQD-": { |
||||
"title": "redis.conf", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"wXRDsNGFckXV_CSiit5sN": { |
||||
"title": "Backup and Recovery", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"Cb-KazR4PuR86VX5oT0zi": { |
||||
"title": "Upgrading Redis", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"nUIfTkgm3PlSiqgun1BS7": { |
||||
"title": "Disaster Recovery", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"8lyXDuZJ-KHl4v2_8Ew1h": { |
||||
"title": "Redis Enterprise", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"cybF72wlJyJbHLUjitLvn": { |
||||
"title": "Active-Active geo Distribution", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"sWOFnbh2EyaHRzquz1UeF": { |
||||
"title": "Redis on Flash", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"ujs77bV8g8-FOm5hBtZFd": { |
||||
"title": "Security and Compliance", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
}, |
||||
"JlLwy69eQ1bPHAOOJNqjo": { |
||||
"title": "When to consider enterprise?", |
||||
"description": "", |
||||
"links": [] |
||||
} |
||||
} |
||||
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ |
||||
--- |
||||
import type { ChangelogFileType } from '../../lib/changelog'; |
||||
import { DateTime } from 'luxon'; |
||||
import MarkdownFile from '../MarkdownFile.astro'; |
||||
|
||||
interface Props { |
||||
changelog: ChangelogFileType; |
||||
} |
||||
|
||||
const { changelog } = Astro.props; |
||||
const { frontmatter } = changelog; |
||||
|
||||
const formattedDate = DateTime.fromISO(frontmatter.date).toFormat( |
||||
'dd LLL, yyyy', |
||||
); |
||||
--- |
||||
|
||||
<div class='relative'> |
||||
<span class='h-2 w-2 flex-shrink-0 rounded-full bg-gray-300 absolute top-2 -left-6'></span> |
||||
|
||||
<div class='mb-3 flex items-center gap-2'> |
||||
<span class='flex-shrink-0 text-xs tracking-wide text-gray-400'> |
||||
{formattedDate} |
||||
</span> |
||||
<span class='truncate text-base font-medium'> |
||||
{changelog.frontmatter.title} |
||||
</span> |
||||
</div> |
||||
|
||||
<div class='rounded-xl border bg-white p-6'> |
||||
<div |
||||
class='prose prose-h2:text-lg prose-h2:font-medium prose-h2:mt-3 prose-sm prose-p:mb-0 prose-blockquote:font-normal prose-blockquote:text-gray-500 prose-ul:my-0 prose-img:mt-0 prose-img:rounded-lg [&>blockquote>p]:mt-0 prose-ul:bg-gray-100 prose-ul:rounded-lg prose-ul:px-4 prose-ul:py-4 prose-ul:pl-7 [&>ul>li]:my-0 [&>ul>li]:mb-1 [&>ul]:mt-3' |
||||
> |
||||
<changelog.Content /> |
||||
</div> |
||||
</div> |
||||
</div> |
||||
@ -1,5 +1,16 @@ |
||||
--- |
||||
interface Props { |
||||
class?: string; |
||||
} |
||||
|
||||
const { class: className } = Astro.props; |
||||
--- |
||||
|
||||
<div |
||||
class='container prose-h2:text-balance prose-h3:text-balance prose-h4:text-balance prose-h5:text-balance prose prose-xl prose-h2:mb-3 prose-h2:mt-10 prose-h2:scroll-mt-5 prose-h2:text-3xl prose-h3:mt-2 prose-h3:scroll-mt-5 prose-h5:font-medium prose-blockquote:font-normal prose-code:bg-transparent prose-img:mt-1 prose-h2:sm:scroll-mt-10 prose-h3:sm:scroll-mt-10' |
||||
class:list={[ |
||||
'container prose prose-xl prose-h2:mb-3 prose-h2:mt-10 prose-h2:scroll-mt-5 prose-h2:text-balance prose-h2:text-3xl prose-h3:mt-2 prose-h3:scroll-mt-5 prose-h3:text-balance prose-h4:text-balance prose-h5:text-balance prose-h5:font-medium prose-blockquote:font-normal prose-code:bg-transparent prose-img:mt-1 prose-h2:sm:scroll-mt-10 prose-h3:sm:scroll-mt-10', |
||||
className, |
||||
]} |
||||
> |
||||
<slot /> |
||||
</div> |
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ |
||||
import { |
||||
BadgeCheck, |
||||
HeartHandshake, |
||||
Telescope, |
||||
type LucideIcon, |
||||
} from 'lucide-react'; |
||||
import type { ReactNode } from 'react'; |
||||
import { cn } from '../lib/classname'; |
||||
|
||||
type RoadmapAlertProps = { |
||||
title: string; |
||||
badgeText?: string; |
||||
description: string | ReactNode; |
||||
floatingIcon: LucideIcon; |
||||
className?: string; |
||||
}; |
||||
|
||||
export function RoadmapAlert(props: RoadmapAlertProps) { |
||||
const { |
||||
title, |
||||
badgeText, |
||||
description, |
||||
floatingIcon: FloatingIcon, |
||||
className, |
||||
} = props; |
||||
|
||||
return ( |
||||
<div |
||||
className={cn( |
||||
'relative mb-3 w-full rounded-xl bg-yellow-100 px-4 py-3 text-yellow-800', |
||||
className, |
||||
)} |
||||
> |
||||
<h2 className="flex items-center text-base font-semibold text-yellow-800 sm:text-lg"> |
||||
{title}{' '} |
||||
{badgeText && ( |
||||
<span className="ml-1.5 rounded-md border border-yellow-500 bg-yellow-200 px-1.5 text-xs uppercase tracking-wide text-yellow-800"> |
||||
{badgeText} |
||||
</span> |
||||
)} |
||||
</h2> |
||||
<p className="mb-2 mt-1 text-balance">{description}</p> |
||||
<p className="mb-1.5 mt-2 flex flex-col gap-2 text-sm md:flex-row"> |
||||
<a |
||||
href="/roadmaps" |
||||
className="flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md border border-yellow-600 bg-yellow-200 px-2 py-1 text-yellow-800 transition-colors hover:bg-yellow-300" |
||||
> |
||||
<BadgeCheck size={15} /> |
||||
Visit Official Roadmaps |
||||
</a> |
||||
<a |
||||
href="/community" |
||||
className="flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md border border-yellow-600 px-2 py-1 text-yellow-700 transition-colors hover:bg-yellow-300 hover:text-yellow-800" |
||||
> |
||||
<HeartHandshake size={15} /> |
||||
Community Roadmaps |
||||
</a> |
||||
<a |
||||
href="/ai/explore" |
||||
className="flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md border border-yellow-600 px-2 py-1 text-yellow-700 transition-colors hover:bg-yellow-300 hover:text-yellow-800" |
||||
> |
||||
<Telescope size={15} /> |
||||
AI Generated Roadmaps |
||||
</a> |
||||
</p> |
||||
|
||||
<FloatingIcon className="pointer-events-none absolute right-2 top-2 hidden h-12 w-12 text-yellow-500 opacity-50 sm:block md:bottom-2 md:top-auto" /> |
||||
</div> |
||||
); |
||||
} |
||||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ |
||||
--- |
||||
title: 'New Dashboard, Leaderboards and Projects' |
||||
description: 'New leaderboard page showing the most active users' |
||||
seo: |
||||
title: 'Leaderboard Page - roadmap.sh' |
||||
description: '' |
||||
date: 2024-09-13 |
||||
--- |
||||
|
||||
TL;DR: new dashboard, leaderboard page and projects page. |
||||
|
||||
- New dashboard for logged-in users |
||||
- New leaderboard page |
||||
- Projects page listing all projects |
||||
- Ability to stop a started project |
||||
- Frontend and backend content improvements |
||||
- Bug fixes |
||||
|
||||
 |
||||
|
||||
We just launched a dedicated dashboard for logged-in users to showing progress, projects, bookmarks and more. You can still access the old homepage by visiting [this page](https://roadmap.sh/home). |
||||
|
||||
We also launched a new [leaderboard page](/leaderboard) showing the most active users, users who completed most projects and more. |
||||
|
||||
There is also a [new projects page](/projects) where you can see all the projects you have been working on. You can also now stop a started project. |
||||
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ |
||||
--- |
||||
title: 'New Dashboard Page' |
||||
description: 'We have added a new dashboard page to help you track your progress' |
||||
seo: |
||||
title: 'New Dashboard Page - roadmap.sh' |
||||
description: 'We have added a new dashboard page to help you track your progress' |
||||
date: 2024-09-12 |
||||
--- |
||||
|
||||
We have revamped the dashboard page for logged-in users. The new dashboard page will help you track your progress and see your overall progress in a single view. We have also added a new progress bar to help you visualize your progress. |
||||
|
||||
If you want to access the guest homepage, you check check it out [here](/home). |
||||
@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Crashlytics |
||||
|
||||
`Crashlytics` is a lightweight, real-time crash reporter that helps you track, prioritize, and fix stability issues that dismantle your app's quality. It delivers fast and precise information about crashes and helps you gain insights into your app's performance so you can pinpoint the exact line of code your app crashed on. Crashlytics offers a comprehensive suite of features like crash analysis, issue aggregation, and tracking user activities that led to a crash. This tool is now a part of Google's `Firebase` platform but can also be used independently. |
||||
|
||||
Visit the following resources to learn more: |
||||
|
||||
- [@official@Documentation](https://firebase.google.com/docs/crashlytics/get-started?platform=android) |
||||
- [@video@Firebase: Crashlytics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhjTAkifr6g) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Remote Config |
||||
|
||||
Firebase Remote Config is a cloud service offered by Firebase. It lets you change the behavior and appearance of your app without requiring a new app release. By using Firebase Remote config, you can customize your app for different user segments, manage the core aspects of your app by modifying parameters externally, and conduct A/B tests to improve your app. It works efficiently by using default values that control the behavior and appearance of your app. When your app needs configuration information, it makes a request to the Firebase Remote Config server. If the server has updated values, these values replace the default ones, hence modifying the app's behavior or appearance according to your needs. |
||||
|
||||
Visit the following resources to learn more: |
||||
|
||||
- [@official@Documentation](https://firebase.google.com/docs/remote-config/get-started?platform=android) |
||||
- [@video@Firebase: Remote config](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcnnbjAAIkI) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,37 +1,9 @@ |
||||
# Azure |
||||
|
||||
Microsoft Azure, often referred to simply as "Azure", is a cloud computing platform and service offered by Microsoft. Azure provides a wide range of cloud services, tools, and resources for organizations and developers to build, deploy, and manage applications on a global scale. With support for multiple programming languages and frameworks, Azure makes it easier to move existing applications or create new ones for the cloud environment. |
||||
Azure is Microsoft's comprehensive cloud computing platform that offers a wide range of services for building, deploying, and managing applications. It provides infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS) solutions, supporting various programming languages, tools, and frameworks. Azure's services include virtual machines, storage, databases, AI and machine learning, IoT, and more. It offers global data center coverage, integrated DevOps tools, and robust security features, making it a versatile platform for businesses of all sizes to innovate, scale, and transform their operations in the cloud. |
||||
|
||||
## Key Features |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Compute Power**: Azure offers a variety of virtual machines, containers, and serverless computing options to execute and scale applications. |
||||
|
||||
- **Storage**: Azure provides several storage options - Blob Storage for unstructured data, File Storage for file shares, and Disk Storage for block storage. |
||||
|
||||
- **Databases**: Azure offers managed relational databases, NoSQL databases, and in-memory databases for different needs and workloads. |
||||
|
||||
- **Analytics**: Azure provides tools and services for big data and advanced analytics, including Azure Data Lake, Azure Machine Learning, and Power BI. |
||||
|
||||
- **Networking**: Azure supports various networking services, such as Virtual Networks, Load Balancers, and Content Delivery Networks, to ensure secure and reliable connectivity to applications. |
||||
|
||||
- **Security**: Azure provides a range of security services and features to help protect your applications and data, including Advanced Threat Protection, Azure Active Directory, and Azure Firewall. |
||||
|
||||
- **Identity & Access Management**: Azure Active Directory (AD) provides identity and access management services, enabling secure sign-on and multi-factor authentication for applications and users. |
||||
|
||||
- **Hybrid Cloud**: Azure supports hybrid cloud deployment, meaning you can run some parts of your infrastructure on-premises and some on Azure. |
||||
|
||||
## Pros and Cons |
||||
|
||||
**Pros**: |
||||
|
||||
- Wide range of services and features |
||||
- Integration with other Microsoft products |
||||
- Strong support for hybrid cloud |
||||
- Good for large enterprises already using Microsoft technologies |
||||
|
||||
**Cons**: |
||||
|
||||
- Can be complex to navigate and manage |
||||
- Potentially costly depending on usage and services |
||||
|
||||
Azure is an excellent choice for those looking to leverage a vast array of cloud services, particularly if you're already invested in the Microsoft ecosystem. It's important to keep in mind, though, that the platform's complexity can lead to a steeper learning curve, and managing costs can be challenging as usage scales. |
||||
- [@official@Azure Website](https://azure.microsoft.com) |
||||
- [@video@Azure DevOps Tutorial for Beginners](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BibQ69MD8c) |
||||
- [@feed@daily.dev Azure Feed](https://app.daily.dev/tags/azure) |
||||
@ -1,39 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# LAN |
||||
|
||||
A **Local Area Network (LAN)** is a vital component of cyber security that you must understand. This chapter covers a brief introduction to LAN, its basic functionalities and importance in maintaining a secure network environment. |
||||
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers and devices within a limited area, such as a home, office, school, or small group of buildings. LANs typically use Ethernet or Wi-Fi technologies to enable high-speed data communication among connected devices. They allow for resource sharing, including files, printers, and internet connections. LANs are characterized by higher data transfer rates, lower latency, and more direct control over network configuration and security compared to wide area networks (WANs). Common LAN applications include file sharing, collaborative work, local hosting of websites or services, and networked gaming. The advent of software-defined networking and cloud technologies has expanded LAN capabilities, enabling more flexible and scalable local network infrastructures. |
||||
|
||||
## What is LAN? |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
LAN stands for Local Area Network, which is a group of computers and other devices interconnected within a limited geographical area, like an office, school campus or even a home. These networks facilitate sharing of resources, data and applications among connected devices. They can be wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi). |
||||
|
||||
## Key Components of LAN |
||||
|
||||
LAN comprises several key components, including: |
||||
|
||||
- **Workstations**: End user devices like computers, laptops or smartphones connected to the network. |
||||
- **Servers**: Computers that provide resources and services to the workstations. |
||||
- **Switches**: Networking devices that connect workstations and servers, and distribute network traffic efficiently. |
||||
- **Routers**: Devices that connect the LAN to the internet or other networks (e.g., Wide Area Networks or WANs). |
||||
|
||||
## Importance of LAN |
||||
|
||||
LANs play a fundamental role in modern organizations, providing: |
||||
|
||||
- **Resource Sharing**: They allow sharing of resources such as printers, scanners, storage drives and software applications across multiple users. |
||||
- **Communication**: They enable faster communication between connected devices and allow users to collaborate effectively using email, chat or VoIP services. |
||||
- **Data Centralization**: They allow data storage and retrieval from central servers rather than individual devices, which simplifies data management and backups. |
||||
- **Scalability**: LANs can be easily expanded to accommodate more users and resources to support business growth. |
||||
|
||||
## LAN Security |
||||
|
||||
Understanding LAN is crucial for maintaining a secure network environment. Since a LAN connects multiple devices, it forms the central point of various security vulnerabilities. Implementing effective security measures is vital to prevent unauthorized access, data leaks, and malware infections. Some best practices for securing your LAN include: |
||||
|
||||
- **Firewalls**: Deploy hardware-based and software-based firewalls to protect your network from external and internal threats. |
||||
- **Antivirus Software**: Use antivirus applications on workstations and servers to prevent malware infections. |
||||
- **Wireless Security**: Implement robust Wi-Fi security measures like WPA2 encryption and strong passwords to prevent unauthorized access. |
||||
- **Access Controls**: Implement network access controls to grant authorized users access to specific resources and data. |
||||
- **Network Segmentation**: Divide the network into separate zones based on required access levels and functions to contain potential threats. |
||||
- **Regular Updates**: Keep your workstations, servers and network devices up-to-date with security patches and updates to fix vulnerabilities. |
||||
- **Network Monitoring**: Use network monitoring tools to keep track of network traffic and identify potential threats or anomalies. |
||||
|
||||
By understanding the components and importance of LAN, you can effectively contribute to improving your organization's cyber security posture. In the next chapter, we will discuss additional cyber security topics that you need to be familiar with. |
||||
- [@article@What is a LAN?](https://www.cisco.com/c/en_uk/products/switches/what-is-a-lan-local-area-network.html) |
||||
- [@video@LAN vs. WAN: What's the Difference?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OoX_cRLaNM) |
||||
@ -1,27 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# LDAP |
||||
|
||||
LDAP is a protocol used to access directory services, i.e., a hierarchical database that holds information about various objects, such as users, groups, computer accounts, and more. In the context of cybersecurity, it's essential in storing information related to authentication, authorization, and user profiles. LDAP is primarily utilized in enterprise environments as a centralized system for managing user accounts and their permissions. |
||||
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a standardized application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an IP network. It's primarily used for querying and modifying directory services, such as user authentication and information lookup. LDAP organizes data in a hierarchical tree structure and is commonly used in enterprise environments for centralized user management, authentication, and authorization. It supports features like single sign-on and can integrate with various applications and services. LDAP is widely used in conjunction with Active Directory and other directory services to provide a centralized repository for user accounts, groups, and other organizational data, facilitating efficient user and resource management in networked environments. |
||||
|
||||
**How LDAP works** |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- It is based on a client-server model, where the client sends a request to the server (usually an LDAP directory server), and the server responds accordingly. |
||||
- LDAP servers store directory entries in a hierarchical (tree-like) structure, starting from the root (known as the "base DN") and following a series of branches down to individual entries. |
||||
- Each entry in the LDAP directory has a distinguished name (DN), which uniquely identifies the entry in the hierarchy. |
||||
|
||||
**LDAP in Cyber Security** |
||||
In cybersecurity, LDAP servers are often used for the following purposes: |
||||
|
||||
- **Authentication**: LDAP stores user account and password information, which can be used to authenticate users to access specific applications or resources. |
||||
- **Authorization**: Using LDAP directory groups, you can manage access controls for users and grant or deny permissions based on their role or membership. |
||||
- **User Management**: LDAP provides a single, centralized repository for managing user account information, making it easier to maintain consistent user data across multiple systems or applications. |
||||
|
||||
**LDAP Security Best Practices** |
||||
To enhance the security of your LDAP implementation, consider adopting these best practices: |
||||
|
||||
- Use secure protocols like LDAPS (LDAP over SSL) or StartTLS to encrypt the data transmitted between the client and the LDAP server. |
||||
- Implement strong access control rules to ensure that only authorized clients can access the LDAP directory. |
||||
- Regularly update and patch both client-side and server-side LDAP software to protect against known vulnerabilities. |
||||
- Limit the searchable scope on the client-side, to minimize the risk of information disclosure. |
||||
- Use strong authentication methods, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), to secure access to the LDAP directory. |
||||
|
||||
In conclusion, LDAP is a critical component in many enterprise-level cybersecurity architectures, as it plays a vital role in handling authentication and authorization processes. To ensure the security of your LDAP implementation, it's crucial to follow best practices and carefully manage access to directory services. |
||||
- [@article@What Is LDAP & How Does It Work?](https://www.okta.com/uk/identity-101/what-is-ldap/) |
||||
- [@video@](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vy3e6ekuqqg) |
||||
@ -1,43 +1,12 @@ |
||||
# Linux |
||||
|
||||
Linux is an open-source operating system (OS) that is widely popular due to its flexibility, stability, and security features. As a Unix-based OS, Linux has a command-line interface, which allows users to perform various tasks through text commands. However, graphical user interfaces (GUIs) can also be installed for ease of use. |
||||
|
||||
## Key Features |
||||
|
||||
- **Open-source**: Anyone can view, modify, and distribute the Linux source code, promoting collaboration and continuous improvement within the OS community. |
||||
- **Modular design**: Linux can be customized for various computing environments, such as desktops, servers, and embedded systems. |
||||
- **Stability and performance**: Linux is well-known for its ability to handle heavy loads without crashing, making it an ideal choice for servers. |
||||
- **Strong Security**: Linux has robust security mechanisms, such as file permissions, a built-in firewall, and an extensive user privilege system. |
||||
- **Large Community**: Linux has a vast, active user community that offers a wealth of knowledge, user-contributed software, and support forums. |
||||
|
||||
## Popular Linux Distributions |
||||
|
||||
There are numerous Linux distributions available, catering to specific user needs and preferences. Some popular distributions include: |
||||
|
||||
- **Ubuntu**: A user-friendly distribution suitable for beginners, often used for desktop environments. |
||||
- **Fedora**: A cutting-edge distribution with frequent updates and innovative features, ideal for developers and advanced users. |
||||
- **Debian**: A very stable distribution that prioritizes free software and benefits from a large, active community. |
||||
- **Arch Linux**: A highly customizable distribution that allows users to build their system from the ground up, suited for experienced users. |
||||
- **CentOS**: A distribution focused on stability, security, and manageability, making it a popular choice for server environments. |
||||
|
||||
## Security Best Practices for Linux |
||||
|
||||
While Linux is inherently secure, there are best practices to enhance your system's security further: |
||||
|
||||
- Keep your system updated: Regularly update your kernel, OS packages, and installed software to ensure you have the latest security patches. |
||||
- Enable a firewall: Configure and enable a firewall, such as `iptables`, to control incoming and outgoing network traffic. |
||||
- Use strong passwords and user accounts: Create separate accounts with strong passwords for different users and grant them only the required privileges. |
||||
- Disable unused services: Unnecessary services can be potential security risks; ensure only required services are running on your system. |
||||
- Implement a Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) policy: SELinux provides a mandatory access control (MAC) system that restricts user and process access to system resources. |
||||
|
||||
By understanding Linux's features and best practices, you can leverage its powerful capabilities and robust security features to enhance your computing environment's performance and safety. |
||||
Linux is an open-source, Unix-like operating system kernel first released by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It forms the core of various operating systems known as Linux distributions. Linux is known for its stability, security, and flexibility, making it popular for servers, embedded systems, and increasingly for desktop use. It supports a wide range of hardware and offers powerful command-line interfaces alongside graphical user interfaces. Linux adheres to Unix principles, emphasizing modularity and the philosophy of "do one thing and do it well." Its open-source nature allows for community-driven development and customization. Linux is widely used in cloud computing, supercomputers, and Android devices, and is a fundamental component of the LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) web server stack. |
||||
|
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- [@roadmap@Linux Roadmap](https://roadmap.sh/linux) |
||||
- [@article@Learn Linux](https://linuxjourney.com/) |
||||
- [@video@Linux in 100 Seconds](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrB13utjYV4) |
||||
- [@video@Introduction to Linux](https://youtu.be/sWbUDq4S6Y8) |
||||
- [@article@Linux Commands Cheat Sheet](https://cdn.hostinger.com/tutorials/pdf/Linux-Commands-Cheat-Sheet.pdf) |
||||
- [@course@Linux from scratch - Cisco](https://www.netacad.com/courses/os-it/ndg-linux-unhatched) |
||||
- [@video@Linux in 100 Seconds](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrB13utjYV4) |
||||
- [@video@Introduction to Linux](https://youtu.be/sWbUDq4S6Y8) |
||||
- [@feed@Explore top posts about Linux](https://app.daily.dev/tags/linux?ref=roadmapsh) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,25 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# localhost |
||||
|
||||
Localhost (also known as loopback address) is a term used to define a network address that is used by a device (usually a computer or a server) to refer to itself. In other words, it's a way for your device to establish a network connection to itself. The most commonly used IP address for localhost is `127.0.0.1`, which is reserved as a loopback address in IPv4 networks. For IPv6 networks, it's represented by `::1`. |
||||
**Localhost** refers to the standard hostname used to access the local computer on which a network service or application is running. It resolves to the loopback IP address `127.0.0.1` for IPv4 or `::1` for IPv6. When you connect to `localhost`, you're effectively communicating with your own machine, allowing you to test and debug network services or applications locally without accessing external networks. |
||||
|
||||
## Purpose and Usage of Localhost |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
Localhost is useful for a variety of reasons, such as: |
||||
|
||||
- **Testing and Development**: Developers can use localhost to develop and test web applications or software without the need for connecting to external network resources. |
||||
|
||||
- **Network Services**: Some applications and servers use localhost to provide network services to the local system only, optimizing performance and security. |
||||
|
||||
- **Troubleshooting**: Localhost can be used as a diagnostic tool to test if the network stack on the device is functioning correctly. |
||||
|
||||
## Connecting to Localhost |
||||
|
||||
To connect to localhost, you can use several methods depending on the tasks you want to accomplish: |
||||
|
||||
- **Web Browser**: If you're running a local web server, you can simply enter `http://127.0.0.1` or `http://localhost` in your browser's address bar and access the locally hosted web application. |
||||
|
||||
- **Command Line**: You can use utilities like `ping`, `traceroute`, or `telnet` at the command prompt to verify connectivity and network functionality using localhost. |
||||
|
||||
- **Application Settings**: Some applications, such as web servers or database servers, may have configuration settings that allow you to bind them to the loopback address (`127.0.0.1` or `::1`). This will restrict the services to the local system and prevent them from being accessed by external sources. |
||||
|
||||
Remember, connections to localhost do not pass through your computer's physical network interfaces, and as such, they're not subject to the same security risks or performance limitations that a real network connection might have. |
||||
- [@article@What is localhost?](https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-is-localhost/) |
||||
- [@video@What is localhost? | Explained](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m98GX51T5dI) |
||||
@ -1,48 +1,9 @@ |
||||
# LOLBAS |
||||
|
||||
**LoLBAS** stands for **Living off the Land Binaries and Scripts**. It is a collection of tools, utilities, and scripts, often built-in within an operating system, that attackers exploit for unintended purposes. These tools can assist the adversaries in achieving their objectives without the need to install any additional software, thus avoiding detection by many security solutions. |
||||
**LOLBAS** (Living Off the Land Binaries and Scripts) refers to a collection of legitimate system binaries and scripts that can be abused by attackers to perform malicious actions while evading detection. These tools, which are often part of the operating system or installed software, can be leveraged for various purposes, such as executing commands, accessing data, or modifying system configurations, thereby allowing attackers to carry out their activities without deploying custom malware. The use of LOLBAS techniques makes it harder for traditional security solutions to detect and prevent malicious activities since the binaries and scripts used are typically trusted and deemed legitimate. |
||||
|
||||
In this section, we will explore the concept and significance of LoLBAS, and the challenges they present in the context of cyber security. |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
## What is LoLBAS? |
||||
|
||||
LoLBAS are legitimate tools, binaries, and scripts that are already present in a system. These may be default OS utilities, like PowerShell or Command Prompt, or commonly installed applications, such as Java or Python. Adversaries utilize these tools to perform malicious activities, as they blend into the environment and are less likely to raise any alarms. |
||||
|
||||
Some examples of LoLBAS include: |
||||
|
||||
- PowerShell: Used for executing commands and scripts for various administrative functions. |
||||
- Cscript and Wscript: Used for executing VBScript and JScript files. |
||||
- Certutil: Used for updating certificate store but can also be leveraged to download files from the internet. |
||||
|
||||
## Why LoLBAS are popular among adversaries? |
||||
|
||||
There are several reasons why adversaries choose to use LoLBAS for their malicious purposes: |
||||
|
||||
- **No additional software required**: As these tools are already a part of the target system, there is no need to install new software that could potentially be detected. |
||||
- **Ease of use**: Many LoLBAS provide powerful capabilities without requiring complex coding. As a result, adversaries can swiftly implement and execute tasks using them. |
||||
- **Masquerading as legitimate actions**: Since LoLBAS are typically used for legitimate purposes, suspicious activities using these tools can blend in with regular traffic, making it difficult to identify and detect. |
||||
|
||||
## Challenges posed by LoLBAS |
||||
|
||||
Utilizing LoLBAS presents unique challenges in cyber security due to the following reasons: |
||||
|
||||
- **Difficulty in detection**: Identifying and differentiating between malicious and legitimate uses of these tools is a challenging task. |
||||
- **False positives**: Blocking, limiting, or monitoring the usage of LoLBAS frequently leads to false positives, as legitimate users might also rely on these tools. |
||||
|
||||
## Securing against LoLBAS attacks |
||||
|
||||
To protect against LoLBAS-based attacks, organizations should consider taking the following steps: |
||||
|
||||
- **Monitor behavior**: Establish baselines of normal system behavior and monitor for deviations, which could suggest malicious use of LoLBAS. |
||||
- **Least privilege principle**: Apply the principle of least privilege by limiting user permissions, reducing the potential attack surface. |
||||
- **Harden systems**: Remove or disable unnecessary tools and applications that could be exploited by adversaries. |
||||
- **Educate users**: Train users on the risks and signs of LoLBAS usage and encourage them to report suspicious activity. |
||||
- **Employ advanced security solutions**: Use technologies like Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) and behavioral analytics to detect abnormal patterns that could be associated with LoLBAS abuse. |
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion |
||||
|
||||
LoLBAS present a significant challenge to cyber security, as they blend in with legitimate system activities. However, overcoming this challenge is possible through a combination of proactive monitoring, system hardening, and user education. |
||||
|
||||
Ensure you are well prepared to identify and mitigate LoLBAS attacks by following the recommendations provided in this guide. Stay vigilant and stay secure! |
||||
|
||||
- [@article@LOLBAS project](https://lolbas-project.github.io/#) |
||||
- [@official@LOLBAS project](https://lolbas-project.github.io/#) |
||||
- [@article@Understanding the risks of LOLBAS in security](https://pentera.io/blog/the-lol-isnt-so-funny-when-it-bites-you-in-the-bas/) |
||||
- [@video@LOLBAS T1105, MS Process Abuse](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fq2_VvAU29g) |
||||
@ -1,22 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# loopback |
||||
|
||||
Loopback is an essential concept in IP terminology that refers to a test mechanism used to validate the operation of various network protocols, and software or hardware components. The primary function of the loopback feature is to enable a device to send a data packet to itself to verify if the device's network stack is functioning correctly. |
||||
**Loopback** refers to a special network interface used to send traffic back to the same device for testing and diagnostic purposes. The loopback address for IPv4 is `127.0.0.1`, while for IPv6 it is `::1`. When a device sends a request to the loopback address, the network data does not leave the local machine; instead, it is processed internally, allowing developers to test applications or network services without requiring external network access. Loopback is commonly used to simulate network traffic, check local services, or debug issues locally. |
||||
|
||||
## Importance of Loopback |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
The concept of loopback is critical for the following reasons: |
||||
|
||||
- **Troubleshooting**: Loopback helps in diagnosing and detecting network connectivity issues. It can also help ascertain whether an application or device is correctly processing and responding to incoming network traffic. |
||||
- **Testing**: Loopback can be used extensively by developers to test software applications or components without external network access. This ensures that the software behaves as expected even without a working network connection. |
||||
|
||||
## Loopback Address |
||||
|
||||
In IP terminology, there's a pre-allocated IP address for loopback. For IPv4, the reserved address is `127.0.0.1`. For IPv6, the loopback address is `::1`. When a device sends a packet to either of these addresses, the packet is rerouted to the local device, making it the source and destination simultaneously. |
||||
|
||||
## Loopback Interface |
||||
|
||||
Apart from loopback addresses, there's also a network device known as the "loopback interface." This interface is a virtual network interface implemented in software. The loopback interface is assigned a loopback address and can be used to emulate network connections for various purposes, such as local services or inter-process communications. |
||||
|
||||
## Summary |
||||
|
||||
Loopback plays a crucial role in IP technology by enabling devices to run diagnostic tests and validate the correct functioning of software and hardware components. Using the loopback addresses for IPv4 (`127.0.0.1`) and IPv6 (`::1`), it allows network packets to circulate internally within the local device, facilitating developers to test and verify network operations. |
||||
- [@article@What is a loopback address?](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-a-loopback-address/) |
||||
- [@article@Understanding the loopback address and loopback interfaces](https://study-ccna.com/loopback-interface-loopback-address/) |
||||
@ -1,35 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# MAC-based |
||||
|
||||
_Mandatory Access Control (MAC)_ is a robust security model when it comes to hardening, as it enforces strict policies on operating systems and applications regarding system access. In MAC-based hardening, the end-users are not allowed to modify access controls on your system. |
||||
**Mandatory Access Control (MAC)** is a security model in which access to resources is governed by predefined policies set by the system or organization, rather than by individual users. In MAC, access decisions are based on security labels or classifications assigned to both users and resources, such as sensitivity levels or clearance levels. Users cannot change these access controls; they are enforced by the system to maintain strict security standards and prevent unauthorized access. MAC is often used in high-security environments, such as government or military systems, to ensure that data and resources are accessed only by individuals with appropriate authorization. |
||||
|
||||
## How MAC-based Hardening Works |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
Typical MAC mechanisms work based on predefined security attributes or labels. These labels determine access permissions and are integrated within the system to classify data, resources, and users. Once these labels are in place, the operating system or a trusted security kernel rigorously enforces the constraints on how they access data. |
||||
|
||||
## Benefits of MAC-Based Hardening |
||||
|
||||
MAC-based hardening offers numerous benefits for organizations seeking to improve their cybersecurity posture: |
||||
|
||||
- **Enforced Security Policies**: MAC policies can be pre-configured in accordance with your organization's security requirements, ensuring consistency on all systems. |
||||
- **Limited Access**: Users have limited access to resources, which reduces the potential for insider threats and accidental leaks of sensitive data. |
||||
- **Protection of Sensitive Data**: By preventing unauthorized users from accessing sensitive data, MAC-based hardening helps protect against data breaches and other cybersecurity risks. |
||||
- **Auditing and Compliance**: MAC-based hardening mechanisms help facilitate audits and compliance with industry regulations. |
||||
|
||||
## Popular MAC-based Models |
||||
|
||||
There are various MAC models implemented in modern software systems. Some of the most popular models include: |
||||
|
||||
- **Bell-LaPadula (BLP) Model**: Designed for confidentiality, the BLP Model enforces the "no read up, no write down" rule, meaning that users may only read data at the same or lower levels of sensitivity, while only allowing data to be written to the same or higher levels of sensitivity. |
||||
- **Biba Model**: Focusing on integrity, the Biba Model enforces the "no write up, no read down" rule, which works opposite to BLP Model. |
||||
- **Clark-Wilson Model**: The Clark-Wilson Model emphasizes well-formed transactions, separation of duties, and certification processes to maintain data integrity and confidentiality. |
||||
|
||||
## Implementing MAC-Based Hardening |
||||
|
||||
To implement MAC-based hardening, it's important to follow these general steps: |
||||
|
||||
- **Establish Security Policies**: Define clear policies and guidelines, including security labels, for the various data classifications, users, and resources. |
||||
- **Select an Appropriate MAC Model**: Choose a MAC model suitable for your organization's needs and implement it across your systems. |
||||
- **Train Staff**: Provide training to your staff to ensure understanding and adherence to your organization's MAC-based policies. |
||||
- **Monitor and Audit**: Continually monitor the system for deviations from the MAC policies and perform periodic audits to verify their enforcement. |
||||
|
||||
In summary, MAC-based hardening offers robust access controls by enforcing strict policies in accordance with your organization's security requirements. In doing so, it reduces the potential for unauthorized access to data and resources, ultimately enhancing your cybersecurity posture. |
||||
- [@video@Mandatory Access Control (MAC) Models](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNN-fEboRAA) |
||||
- [@article@What is Mandatory Access Control?](https://nordlayer.com/learn/access-control/mandatory-access-control/) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,32 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# MAN |
||||
|
||||
A Metropolitan Area Network **(MAN)** is a type of computer network that spans across a metropolitan area or a large geographical area, typically covering a city or a region. It is designed to interconnect various local area networks **(LANs)** and wide area networks **(WANs)** to enable communication and data exchange between different locations within the metropolitan area. |
||||
A **Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)** is a type of network that spans a city or large campus, connecting multiple local area networks (LANs) within that geographic area. MANs are designed to provide high-speed data transfer and communication services to organizations, institutions, or businesses across a city. They support a variety of applications, including internet access, intranet connectivity, and data sharing among multiple locations. Typically, MANs are faster and cover a broader area than LANs but are smaller in scope compared to wide area networks (WANs). |
||||
|
||||
## Examples of MAN |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
Some examples of Metropolitan Area Networks **(MANs)** include: |
||||
|
||||
1. **Cable TV Networks:** Many cable TV networks also offer internet services to their subscribers, creating a MAN that covers a specific metropolitan area. |
||||
2. **Educational Institutions:** Universities, colleges, and research institutions often have their own MANs to interconnect their campuses and facilities spread across a metropolitan area. |
||||
3. **City-Wide Wi-Fi Networks:** Some cities have established their own Wi-Fi networks to provide internet access to residents and businesses, creating a MAN that covers the entire city. |
||||
4. **Public Transportation Networks:** Some metropolitan areas have implemented MANs to provide internet connectivity on public transportation networks such as buses and trains. |
||||
|
||||
## Advantages of MAN |
||||
|
||||
- **Improved Connectivity:** MANs provide a high-speed and reliable means of communication between different locations within a metropolitan area, facilitating efficient data exchange and collaboration among organizations, businesses, and individuals. |
||||
|
||||
- **Cost-Effective:** Compared to establishing multiple separate networks for each location, implementing a MAN can be more cost-effective as it allows for shared infrastructure and resources, reducing overall costs of networking equipment and maintenance. |
||||
|
||||
- **Scalability:** MANs are highly scalable and can be expanded to accommodate new locations or increased network traffic as the metropolitan area grows, making it a flexible solution for evolving connectivity needs. |
||||
|
||||
- **Centralized Management:** A MAN allows for centralized management of the network, making it easier to monitor and control network operations, troubleshoot issues, and implement security measures. |
||||
|
||||
## Disadvantages of MAN |
||||
|
||||
- **Complexity:** MANs can be complex to design, implement, and maintain due to their large scale and geographical spread. They require skilled network administrators and engineers to manage and troubleshoot the network effectively. |
||||
|
||||
- **Cost of Implementation:** Establishing a MAN requires significant upfront investment in networking infrastructure and equipment, which can be a barrier to entry for smaller organizations or municipalities. |
||||
|
||||
- **Limited Coverage:** MANs are typically limited to metropolitan areas, and their coverage may not extend to remote or rural areas outside the metropolitan region, which can pose connectivity challenges for organizations located in those areas. |
||||
|
||||
- **Vulnerability to Single Point of Failure:** Since MANs are centralized networks, they are susceptible to a single point of failure, such as a failure in the main network node, which can disrupt the entire network and impact communication and data exchange among connected locations. |
||||
- [@article@What is a Metropolitan Area Network?](https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/learning/network-layer/what-is-a-metropolitan-area-network/) |
||||
- [@video@Network Types: MAN](https://youtu.be/4_zSIXb7tLQ?si=1jTQ5C9PT4WUOztP&t=183) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,26 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# memdump |
||||
|
||||
Memdump is a handy tool designed for forensic analysis of a system's memory. The main purpose of Memdump is to extract valuable information from the RAM of a computer during a cyber security incident or investigation. By analyzing the memory dump, cyber security professionals can gain insights into the attacker's methods, identify malicious processes, and uncover potential evidence for digital forensics purposes. |
||||
**memdump** is a tool or process used to capture the contents of a computer's physical memory (RAM) for analysis. This "memory dump" can be useful in digital forensics, debugging, or incident response to identify active processes, open files, network connections, or potentially malicious code running in memory. By analyzing a memory dump, security professionals can investigate malware, recover encryption keys, or gather evidence in case of a breach. Tools like `memdump` (Linux utility) or `DumpIt` (Windows) are commonly used to perform this process. |
||||
|
||||
## Key Features |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Memory Dumping**: Memdump allows you to create an image of the RAM of a computer, capturing the memory contents for later analysis. |
||||
- **File Extraction**: With Memdump, you can extract executable files or any other file types from the memory dump to investigate potential malware or data theft. |
||||
- **String Analysis**: Memdump can help you identify suspicious strings within the memory dump, which may provide crucial information about an ongoing attack or malware's behavior. |
||||
- **Compatibility**: Memdump is compatible with various operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS. |
||||
- [@official@memdump](https://www.kali.org/tools/memdump/) |
||||
|
||||
## Example Usage |
||||
|
||||
For a Windows environment, you can use Memdump as follows: |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
memdump.exe -O output_file_path |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
This command will create a memory dump of the entire RAM of the system and save it to the specified output file path. You can then analyze this memory dump using specialized forensic tools to uncover valuable information about any cyber security incidents. |
||||
|
||||
Remember that Memdump should always be executed with administrator privileges so that it can access the entire memory space. |
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion |
||||
|
||||
Memdump is a powerful forensic tool that can greatly assist you in conducting an incident response or discovery process. By capturing and analyzing a system's memory, you can identify threats, gather evidence, and ultimately enhance your overall cyber security posture. |
||||
@ -1,29 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# MFA and 2FA |
||||
|
||||
## Introduction |
||||
**Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)** and **Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)** are security methods that require users to provide two or more forms of verification to access a system. **2FA** specifically uses two factors, typically combining something the user knows (like a password) with something they have (like a phone or token) or something they are (like a fingerprint). **MFA**, on the other hand, can involve additional layers of authentication beyond two factors, further enhancing security. Both methods aim to strengthen access controls by making it harder for unauthorized individuals to gain access, even if passwords are compromised. |
||||
|
||||
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) and Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) are security measures designed to enhance the protection of user accounts and sensitive information. These supplementary methods require the user to provide more than one form of verification to access an account, making it more difficult for unauthorized users to gain access. In this section, we'll discuss the basics of MFA and 2FA and why they are crucial to cybersecurity. |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
## Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) |
||||
|
||||
2FA strengthens security by requiring two distinct forms of verification before granting access. This means that even if a malicious actor has your password, they will still need the second form of verification to access your account, reducing the risk of unauthorized access. |
||||
|
||||
Two-Factor Authentication usually involves a combination of: |
||||
|
||||
- Something you know (e.g., passwords, PINs) |
||||
- Something you have (e.g., physical tokens, mobile phones) |
||||
- Something you are (e.g., biometrics, such as fingerprints or facial recognition) |
||||
|
||||
A common example of 2FA is when you receive a unique code via SMS when logging into a website or access sensitive information. You will need to provide that code along with your password to gain access, adding an extra layer of security. |
||||
|
||||
## Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) |
||||
|
||||
MFA enhances security even further by requiring more than two forms of verification, incorporating three or more factors from the categories mentioned earlier (knowledge, possession, and inherence). By incorporating additional authentication methods, MFA raises the bar for attackers, making it much more difficult for them to gain access. |
||||
|
||||
The main advantage of using MFA over 2FA is that even if one factor is compromised, there are still additional hurdles for an attacker to overcome. For example, if someone intercepts your mobile phone as the second factor, they would still have to bypass a biometric authentication requirement. |
||||
|
||||
## Importance in Cybersecurity |
||||
|
||||
Using MFA and 2FA lends more security to user accounts, lowering the chances of being compromised. They provide multiple layers of protection, making it significantly harder for cybercriminals to breach accounts or gain unauthorized access. |
||||
|
||||
Implementing 2FA and MFA should be a priority for businesses and individuals alike in order to maintain a high level of cybersecurity. By educating users on the benefits and importance of these forms of authentication and ensuring their widespread adoption, we can create a more secure online environment. |
||||
- [@article@What is MFA?](https://www.onelogin.com/learn/what-is-mfa) |
||||
- [@article@What is 2FA?](https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/security/business/security-101/what-is-two-factor-authentication-2fa) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,19 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Microsoft Office Suite |
||||
|
||||
Microsoft Office Suite, often referred to as MS Office, is one of the most widely-used software suites for productivity, communication, and document creation. It is a comprehensive set of applications designed to increase efficiency in both professional and personal settings. Below is an overview of the key applications within the MS Office Suite: |
||||
The **Microsoft Office Suite** is a collection of productivity software developed by Microsoft, commonly used in both personal and professional settings. It includes core applications such as **Word** (word processing), **Excel** (spreadsheets), **PowerPoint** (presentations), and **Outlook** (email and calendar). Other applications in the suite may include **Access** (database management), **OneNote** (note-taking), and **Teams** (collaboration and communication). The suite offers integrated tools for creating, managing, and sharing documents, data, and communications, supporting a wide range of business and personal productivity tasks. |
||||
|
||||
- **Microsoft Word:** A versatile word processing application that allows users to create, format, and edit text documents. It is equipped with various tools for formatting, spell-checking, and collaborating in real-time with others. |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Microsoft Excel:** Excel is a powerful spreadsheet application that enables users to create, edit, and analyze data in a tabulated format. Functions and formulas simplify complicated calculations while charts and graphs help visualize data. |
||||
|
||||
- **Microsoft PowerPoint:** PowerPoint is a widely-used presentation software that allows users to create visually engaging slides with various multimedia elements. It is an effective tool for sharing ideas, data and presenting complex concepts in an understandable format. |
||||
|
||||
- **Microsoft Outlook:** Outlook is an email management system that integrates emails, calendars, tasks, and contacts into a single platform. It enables users to efficiently manage their inboxes, organize schedules and manage contacts. |
||||
|
||||
- **Microsoft OneNote:** OneNote is a digital notebook that allows users to take notes, annotate, and capture and store information from various sources (including web pages), organize it intuitively, and sync it across devices. |
||||
|
||||
- **Microsoft Access:** Access is a relational database management system that provides users with the tools needed to create, modify, and store data in an organized manner. |
||||
|
||||
As part of Microsoft's Office 365 subscription, users also have access to cloud-based services like OneDrive, Skype for Business, and Microsoft Teams, which further enhance collaboration and productivity. |
||||
|
||||
When considering your cyber security strategy, it is essential to ensure that your MS Office applications are always up-to-date. Regular updates improve security, fix bugs, and protect against new threats. Additionally, it is crucial to follow best practices, such as using strong passwords and only downloading reputable add-ins, to minimize potential risks. |
||||
- [@official@Microsoft Office Suite Directory](https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/microsoft-365/products-apps-services) |
||||
- [@video@Every Office 365 App Explained](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2W0T2qGZ9Dc) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,27 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# NAC-based |
||||
|
||||
Network Access Control (NAC) based hardening is a crucial component in enhancing the security of your network infrastructure. NAC provides organizations with the ability to control and manage access to the network resources, ensuring that only authorized users and devices can connect to the network. It plays a vital role in reducing the attack surface and preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data and resources. |
||||
Network Access Control (NAC) based hardening is a crucial component in enhancing the security of your network infrastructure. NAC provides organizations with the ability to control and manage access to the network resources, ensuring that only authorized users and devices can connect to the network. It plays a vital role in reducing the attack surface and preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data and resources. By implementing NAC-based hardening in your cybersecurity strategy, you protect your organization from threats and maintain secure access to critical resources. |
||||
|
||||
## Key Features of NAC-Based Hardening |
||||
Learn more from the following resouces: |
||||
|
||||
- **Authentication and Authorization:** NAC-based hardening ensures that users and devices connecting to the network are properly authenticated and have been granted appropriate access permissions. This includes the use of strong passwords, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and enforcing access control policies. |
||||
|
||||
- **Endpoint Health Checks:** NAC solutions continuously monitor the health and compliance of endpoints, such as whether anti-virus software and security patches are up to date. If a device is found to be non-compliant, it can be automatically quarantined or disconnected from the network, thus preventing the spread of threats. |
||||
|
||||
- **Real-Time Visibility and Control:** NAC provides real-time visibility into the devices connected to your network, allowing you to identify and control risks proactively. This includes monitoring for unauthorized devices, unusual behavior, or known security gaps. |
||||
|
||||
- **Device Profiling:** NAC-based hardening can automatically identify and classify devices connected to the network, making it easier to enforce access control policies based on device type and ownership. |
||||
|
||||
- **Policy Enforcement:** NAC solutions enforce granular access policies for users and devices, reducing the attack surface and limiting the potential damage of a security breach. Policies can be based on factors such as user role, device type, and location. |
||||
|
||||
## NAC Best Practices |
||||
|
||||
To get the most out of a NAC-based hardening approach, here are some best practices to consider: |
||||
|
||||
- **Develop a Comprehensive Access Control Policy:** Clearly define the roles, responsibilities, and access permissions within your organization, ensuring that users have the least privilege required to perform their job functions. |
||||
- **Regularly Review and Update Policies:** As your organization evolves, so should your NAC policies. Regularly review and update policies to maintain alignment with organizational changes. |
||||
- **Educate Users:** Educate end-users about the importance of security and their role in maintaining a secure network. Offer training on topics such as password management, avoiding phishing attacks, and identifying social engineering attempts. |
||||
- **Ensure Comprehensive Coverage:** Ensure that your NAC solution covers all entry points to your network, including remote access, wireless networks, and guest access. |
||||
- **Monitor and Respond to NAC Alerts:** NAC solutions generate alerts when suspicious activity is detected, such as an unauthorized device trying to connect to the network. Make sure you have a process in place to respond to these alerts in a timely manner. |
||||
|
||||
By implementing NAC-based hardening in your cybersecurity strategy, you protect your organization from threats and maintain secure access to critical resources. |
||||
- [@video@Network Access Control](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXeFJ05J4pQ) |
||||
- [@article@What is Network Access Control](https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/what-is-network-access-control) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,25 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# NAT |
||||
|
||||
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a key element in modern network security. It acts as a middleman between devices on your local area network (LAN) and the external internet. NAT helps to conserve IP addresses and improve privacy and security by translating IP addresses within private networks to public IP addresses for communication on the internet. |
||||
**Network Address Translation (NAT)** is a method used to modify IP address information in packet headers while they are in transit across a network. NAT allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address for accessing external resources, helping conserve the limited number of available public IP addresses. It also enhances security by hiding internal IP addresses from the public internet. Common types of NAT include **Static NAT** (one-to-one mapping), **Dynamic NAT** (many-to-many mapping), and **Port Address Translation (PAT)** or **NAT overload** (many-to-one mapping, commonly used in home routers). |
||||
|
||||
## How NAT works |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
NAT is implemented on a router, firewall or a similar networking device. When devices in the LAN communicate with external networks, NAT allows these devices to share a single public IP address, which is registered on the internet. This is achieved through the following translation types: |
||||
|
||||
- **Static NAT:** A one-to-one mapping between a private IP address and a public IP address. Each private address is mapped to a unique public address. |
||||
- **Dynamic NAT:** A one-to-one mapping between a private IP address and a public IP address, but the public address is chosen from a pool rather than being pre-assigned. |
||||
- **Port Address Translation (PAT):** Also known as NAT Overload, PAT maps multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address, using unique source port numbers to differentiate the connections. |
||||
|
||||
## Advantages of NAT |
||||
|
||||
- **Conservation of IP addresses:** NAT helps mitigate the shortage of IPv4 addresses by allowing multiple devices to share a single public IP address, reducing the need for organizations to purchase additional IP addresses. |
||||
- **Security and Privacy:** By hiding internal IP addresses, NAT adds a layer of obscurity, making it harder for attackers to target specific devices within your network. |
||||
- **Flexibility:** NAT enables you to change your internal IP address scheme without having to update the public IP address, reducing time and effort in reconfiguring your network. |
||||
|
||||
## Disadvantages of NAT |
||||
|
||||
- **Compatibility issues:** Certain applications and protocols may encounter issues when operating behind a NAT environment, such as IP-based authentication or peer-to-peer networking. |
||||
- **Performance impact:** The translation process may introduce latency and reduce performance in high-traffic networks. |
||||
- **End-to-End Connectivity:** NAT generally breaks the end-to-end communication model of the internet, which can cause issues in some scenarios. |
||||
|
||||
In summary, NAT plays a crucial role in modern cybersecurity by conserving IP addresses, obscuring internal networks and providing a level of security against external threats. While there are some disadvantages, its benefits make it an essential component in network security. |
||||
- [@article@How NAT Works](https://www.comptia.org/content/guides/what-is-network-address-translation) |
||||
- [@video@NAT explained](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTUV0t6JaDA) |
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# NetFlow |
||||
|
||||
**NetFlow** is a network protocol developed by Cisco for collecting and analyzing network traffic data. It provides detailed information about network flows, including the source and destination IP addresses, ports, and the amount of data transferred. NetFlow data helps network administrators monitor traffic patterns, assess network performance, and identify potential security threats. By analyzing flow data, organizations can gain insights into bandwidth usage, detect anomalies, and optimize network resources. NetFlow is widely supported across various network devices and often integrated with network management and security tools for enhanced visibility and control. |
||||
|
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- [@official@Cisco NetFlow Website](https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/ios-nx-os-software/ios-netflow/index.html) |
||||
- [@video@What is NetFlow?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqTpUmUibB8) |
||||
@ -1,25 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# netstat |
||||
|
||||
Netstat, short for 'network statistics', is a command-line tool that provides valuable information about the network connections, routing tables, and network interface statistics on a computer system. Netstat can help in diagnosing and troubleshooting network-related issues by displaying real-time data about network traffic, connections, routes, and more. |
||||
**netstat** (network statistics) is a command-line tool used to display network connections, routing tables, and network interface statistics. It provides information about active TCP and UDP connections, listening ports, and the status of network interfaces. By using **netstat**, users can monitor network activity, diagnose connectivity issues, and identify open ports and services running on a system. The tool is available on various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux, and is often employed for network troubleshooting and security assessments. |
||||
|
||||
## Key Features |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Network Connections:** Netstat can show open and active network connections, including inbound and outbound, as well as display the ports on which your system is currently listening. |
||||
- **Routing Tables:** Netstat provides information about your system's routing tables, which can help you identify the path a packet takes to reach its destination. |
||||
- **Network Interface Statistics:** Netstat displays statistics for network interfaces, covering details such as packets transmitted, packets received, errors, and more. |
||||
|
||||
## Common Netstat Commands |
||||
|
||||
- `netstat -a`: Displays all active connections and listening ports |
||||
- `netstat -n`: Displays active connections without resolving hostnames (faster) |
||||
- `netstat -r`: Displays the routing table |
||||
- `netstat -i`: Displays network interfaces and their statistics |
||||
- `netstat -s`: Displays network protocol statistics (TCP, UDP, ICMP) |
||||
|
||||
## Example Use Cases |
||||
|
||||
- **Identify Open Ports:** You can use netstat to determine which ports are open and listening on your system, helping you identify potential security vulnerabilities. |
||||
- **Monitor Network Connections:** Netstat allows you to monitor active connections to ensure that nothing unauthorized or suspicious is connecting to your system. |
||||
- **Troubleshoot Network Issues:** By displaying routing table information, netstat can help you understand the pathways your system takes to reach various destinations, which can be crucial when diagnosing network problems. |
||||
|
||||
Netstat is a versatile and powerful tool for gaining insights into your system's network behavior. Armed with this knowledge, you'll be better equipped to address potential vulnerabilities and monitor your system's health in the context of cyber security. |
||||
- [@article@netstat command](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19504-01/802-5753/6i9g71m3i/index.html) |
||||
- [@video@netstat Command Explained](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UZFpCQeXnM) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,21 +1,17 @@ |
||||
# Networking Knowledge |
||||
|
||||
In the world of cyber security, having a strong foundation in networking knowledge is crucial. It's important to understand the fundamental concepts and mechanisms that govern how data is transferred, communicated, and secured across digital networks. |
||||
**Networking knowledge** encompasses understanding the principles, technologies, and protocols involved in connecting and managing networks. Key areas include: |
||||
|
||||
## Topics |
||||
- **Network Protocols**: Familiarity with protocols like TCP/IP, DNS, DHCP, and HTTP, which govern data transmission and communication between devices. |
||||
- **Network Topologies**: Knowledge of network architectures such as star, ring, mesh, and hybrid topologies, which influence how devices are interconnected. |
||||
- **IP Addressing and Subnetting**: Understanding IP address allocation, subnetting, and CIDR notation for organizing and managing network addresses. |
||||
- **Network Devices**: Knowledge of routers, switches, firewalls, and access points, and their roles in directing traffic, providing security, and enabling connectivity. |
||||
- **Network Security**: Awareness of security measures like VPNs, firewalls, IDS/IPS, and encryption to protect data and prevent unauthorized access. |
||||
- **Troubleshooting**: Skills in diagnosing and resolving network issues using tools like ping, traceroute, and network analyzers. |
||||
|
||||
- **Network Architecture**: Learn about the different networking models, such as the OSI model and TCP/IP model, which define how data is structured, transmitted, and received in a network. |
||||
This knowledge is essential for designing, implementing, and maintaining effective and secure network infrastructures. |
||||
|
||||
- **Network Protocols**: Familiarize yourself with various network protocols that are essential for effective communication between devices, including HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and more. These protocols ensure that data is transmitted reliably and securely across networks. |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **IP Addressing and Subnetting**: Gain an understanding of IP addresses (both IPv4 and IPv6), how they are assigned, and how subnetting works to divide networks into smaller segments for better management and security. |
||||
|
||||
- **Routing and Switching**: Learn about the roles of routers and switches in a network, as well as related technologies and protocols like DHCP, NAT, and various routing protocols (such as OSPF and BGP). |
||||
|
||||
- **Wireless Networking**: Delve into the world of wireless networks by studying the different types of wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks. Understand the security concerns and best practices associated with wireless communication. |
||||
|
||||
- **Network Security**: Explore various techniques and tools used to defend networks from cyber threats, including firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and VPNs. Learn about security protocols like SSL/TLS, encryption algorithms, and secure access control mechanisms. |
||||
|
||||
- **Network Troubleshooting**: Understand common network issues and how to resolve them, using various network troubleshooting tools and methodologies like ping, traceroute, and Wireshark. |
||||
|
||||
By developing a strong foundation in networking knowledge, you will be well-equipped to tackle various cyber security challenges and protect your digital assets from potential threats. Remember, the ever-evolving landscape of cyber security demands continuous learning and updating of skills to stay ahead in the game. |
||||
- [@article@What are Network Protocols?](https://www.solarwinds.com/resources/it-glossary/network-protocols) |
||||
- [@article@Types of Network Topology](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-network-topology/) |
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# NIPS |
||||
|
||||
A **Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS)** is a security technology designed to monitor, detect, and prevent malicious activities or policy violations on a network. Unlike intrusion detection systems (IDS), which only alert on potential threats, a NIPS actively blocks or mitigates suspicious traffic in real-time. It analyzes network traffic patterns, inspects packet contents, and uses predefined signatures or behavioral analysis to identify threats. By preventing attacks such as malware, unauthorized access, and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, a NIPS helps protect network integrity and maintain secure operations. |
||||
|
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- [@article@What is an Intrusion Prevention System?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.co.uk/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-prevention-system-ips) |
||||
- [@video@Intrusion Prevention - SY0-601 CompTIA Security+](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPPSsFnWOYg) |
||||
@ -1,36 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# NIST |
||||
|
||||
[NIST](https://www.nist.gov/) is an agency under the U.S. Department of Commerce that develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology. One of their primary responsibilities is the development of cyber security standards and guidelines, which help organizations improve their security posture by following the best practices and recommendations laid out by NIST. |
||||
**NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)** is a U.S. federal agency that develops and promotes measurement standards, technology, and best practices. In the context of cybersecurity, NIST provides widely recognized guidelines and frameworks, such as the **NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF)**, which offers a structured approach to managing and mitigating cybersecurity risks. NIST also publishes the **NIST Special Publication (SP) 800 series**, which includes standards and guidelines for securing information systems, protecting data, and ensuring system integrity. These resources are essential for organizations seeking to enhance their security posture and comply with industry regulations. |
||||
|
||||
Some important NIST publications related to cyber security are: |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
## NIST Cybersecurity Framework |
||||
|
||||
The [NIST Cybersecurity Framework](https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework) provides a structure for managing cyber risks and helps organizations understand, communicate, and manage their cyber risks. It outlines five core functions: |
||||
|
||||
- Identify – Develop understanding of risks to systems, assets, data, and capabilities |
||||
- Protect – Implement safeguards to ensure delivery of critical infrastructure services |
||||
- Detect – Identify occurrence of a cybersecurity event in a timely manner |
||||
- Respond – Take action on detected cybersecurity events to contain the impact |
||||
- Recover – Maintain plans for resilience and restore capabilities or services impaired due to a cybersecurity event |
||||
|
||||
## NIST Special Publication 800-53 (SP 800-53) |
||||
|
||||
[NIST SP 800-53](https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-53/rev-5/final) provides guidelines for selecting security and privacy controls for federal information systems as well as for systems that process federal information. This publication defines specific security and privacy controls that can be applied to address various risk factors and offers guidance on tailoring these controls for the unique needs of an organization. |
||||
|
||||
## NIST Special Publication 800-171 (SP 800-171) |
||||
|
||||
[NIST SP 800-171](https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-171/rev-2/final) addresses security requirements for protecting controlled unclassified information (CUI) in non-federal information systems and organizations. It is particularly relevant for entities that work with federal agencies, as they must meet these requirements in order to manage and safeguard CUI effectively. |
||||
|
||||
## NIST Risk Management Framework (RMF) |
||||
|
||||
The [NIST Risk Management Framework](https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/risk-management/) provides a structured process for organizations to manage security and privacy risks using NIST guidelines and standards. This framework consists of six steps: |
||||
|
||||
- Categorize Information Systems |
||||
- Select Security Controls |
||||
- Implement Security Controls |
||||
- Assess Security Controls |
||||
- Authorize Information Systems |
||||
- Monitor Security Controls |
||||
|
||||
By following NIST cyber security standards, organizations can reduce their vulnerability to cyber-attacks and enhance their overall security posture. |
||||
- [@official@NIST Website](https://www.nist.gov/) |
||||
- [@article@What is NIST?](https://www.encryptionconsulting.com/education-center/nist/) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,37 +1,9 @@ |
||||
# nmap |
||||
# NMAP |
||||
|
||||
## Nmap |
||||
**Nmap** (Network Mapper) is an open-source network scanning tool used to discover hosts and services on a network, identify open ports, and detect vulnerabilities. It provides detailed information about networked devices, including their IP addresses, operating systems, and running services. Nmap supports various scanning techniques such as TCP SYN scan, UDP scan, and service version detection. It's widely used for network security assessments, vulnerability scanning, and network inventory management, helping administrators and security professionals understand and secure their network environments. |
||||
|
||||
Nmap, short for "Network Mapper," is a powerful and widely used open-source tool for network discovery, scanning, and security auditing. Nmap was originally designed to rapidly scan large networks, but it also works well for scanning single hosts. Security professionals, network administrators, and cyber security enthusiasts alike use Nmap to identify available hosts and services on a network, reveal their version information, and explore network infrastructure. |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
## Key Features |
||||
|
||||
Nmap offers a multitude of features that can help you gather information about your network: |
||||
|
||||
- **Host Discovery** - Locating active devices on a network. |
||||
- **Port Scanning** - Identifying open network ports and associated services. |
||||
- **Version Detection** - Determining the software and version running on network devices. |
||||
- **Operating System Detection** - Identifying the operating systems of scanned devices. |
||||
- **Scriptable Interaction with the Target** - Using Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) to automate tasks and extend functionality. |
||||
|
||||
## How It Works |
||||
|
||||
Nmap sends specially crafted packets to the target hosts and analyzes the received responses. Based on this information, it detects active hosts, their operating systems, and the services they are running. It can be used to scan for open ports, check for vulnerabilities, and gather valuable information about target devices. |
||||
|
||||
## Example Usage |
||||
|
||||
Nmap is a command-line tool with several command options. Here is an example of a basic scan: |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
nmap -v -A 192.168.1.1 |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
This command performs a scan on the target IP address `192.168.1.1`, with `-v` for verbose output and `-A` for aggressive scan mode, which includes operating system and version detection, script scanning, and traceroute. |
||||
|
||||
## Getting Started with Nmap |
||||
|
||||
Nmap is available for download on Windows, Linux, and macOS. You can download the appropriate binary or source package from the [official Nmap website](https://nmap.org/download.html). Extensive documentation, including installation instructions, usage guidelines, and specific features, can be found on the [Nmap reference guide](https://nmap.org/book/man.html). |
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion |
||||
|
||||
Understanding and using Nmap is an essential skill for any cyber security professional or network administrator. With its wide range of features and capabilities, it provides invaluable information about your network infrastructure, enabling you to detect vulnerabilities and improve overall security. Regularly monitoring your network with Nmap and other incident response and discovery tools is a critical aspect of maintaining a strong cyber security posture. |
||||
- [@official@NMAP Website](https://nmap.org/) |
||||
- [@article@NMAP Cheat Sheet](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/nmap-cheat-sheet) |
||||
- [@video@Nmap Tutorial to find Network Vulnerabilities] |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,35 +1,9 @@ |
||||
# nmap |
||||
# NMAP |
||||
|
||||
**Nmap** (Network Mapper) is an open-source network scanner that is widely used in cyber security for discovering hosts and services on a computer network. Nmap allows you to efficiently explore and scan networks to identify open ports, running services, and other security vulnerabilities. |
||||
**Nmap** (Network Mapper) is an open-source network scanning tool used to discover hosts and services on a network, identify open ports, and detect vulnerabilities. It provides detailed information about networked devices, including their IP addresses, operating systems, and running services. Nmap supports various scanning techniques such as TCP SYN scan, UDP scan, and service version detection. It's widely used for network security assessments, vulnerability scanning, and network inventory management, helping administrators and security professionals understand and secure their network environments. |
||||
|
||||
## Features of Nmap |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Host Discovery**: Nmap facilitates finding hosts on the network using various techniques such as ICMP echo requests, TCP SYN/ACK probes, and ARP scans. |
||||
|
||||
- **Port Scanning**: Nmap can identify open ports on target hosts, which can reveal potential security vulnerabilities and provide crucial information during a penetration test. |
||||
|
||||
- **Service and Version Detection**: Nmap can detect the name and version of the services running on target hosts. This information helps to identify software that might be outdated or have known security flaws. |
||||
|
||||
- **Operating System Detection**: Nmap can make intelligent guesses about the operating system of a target host, which can be useful for tuning your attack strategy based on the vulnerabilities of specific systems. |
||||
|
||||
- **Scriptable**: Nmap has a built-in scripting engine (NSE) that allows users to write custom scripts for automating and extending its functionality. |
||||
|
||||
## How to use Nmap |
||||
|
||||
Nmap can be installed on various platforms such as Windows, Linux, and macOS. After installation, Nmap can be used via the command line with different options and flags, depending on the desired scan type. |
||||
|
||||
For example, to perform a simple host and port discovery, the following command can be used: |
||||
|
||||
```bash |
||||
nmap -sn -p 80,443 192.168.0.0/24 |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
This command will perform a "ping scan" (`-sn`) on the specified IP range (`192.168.0.0/24`) and check for open ports 80 and 443. |
||||
|
||||
## Important Notes |
||||
|
||||
- While Nmap is a valuable tool for cyber security professionals, it can also be used by malicious attackers to gather information about potential targets. It is essential to use Nmap responsibly and only on networks and systems that you have permission to scan. |
||||
|
||||
- Scanning large networks can generate considerable traffic and may impact the performance of the target hosts. It is important to configure your scans appropriately and be mindful of potential network disruptions. |
||||
|
||||
For more information and usage examples, refer to the [official Nmap documentation](https://nmap.org/book/man.html). |
||||
- [@official@NMAP Website](https://nmap.org/) |
||||
- [@article@NMAP Cheat Sheet](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/nmap-cheat-sheet) |
||||
- [@video@Nmap Tutorial to find Network Vulnerabilities](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4t4kBkMsDbQ) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,44 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# nslookup |
||||
|
||||
NSLookup, short for "Name Server Lookup", is a versatile network administration command-line tool used for querying the Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain information associated with domain names and IP addresses. This tool is available natively in most operating systems such as Windows, MacOS, and Linux distributions. |
||||
**nslookup** is a network utility used to query Domain Name System (DNS) servers for information about domain names and IP addresses. It allows users to obtain details such as IP address mappings for a given domain name, reverse lookups to find domain names associated with an IP address, and DNS record types like A, MX, and CNAME records. nslookup helps troubleshoot DNS-related issues, verify DNS configurations, and analyze DNS records. It can be run from the command line in various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. |
||||
|
||||
## Using NSLookup |
||||
Learn more from the following resources |
||||
|
||||
To use NSLookup, open the command prompt or terminal on your device and enter the command `nslookup`, followed by the domain name or IP address you want to query. For example: |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
nslookup example.com |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
## Features of NSLookup |
||||
|
||||
- **DNS Record Types**: NSLookup supports various DNS record types like A (IPv4 address), AAAA (IPv6 address), MX (Mail Exchange), NS (Name Servers), and more. |
||||
|
||||
- **Reverse DNS Lookup**: You can perform reverse DNS lookups to find the domain name associated with a specific IP address. For example: |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
nslookup 192.0.2.1 |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
- **Non-interactive mode**: NSLookup can execute single queries without entering the interactive mode. To do this, simply execute the command as mentioned earlier. |
||||
|
||||
- **Interactive mode**: Interactive mode allows you to carry out multiple queries during a single session. To enter the interactive mode, type nslookup without any arguments in your terminal. |
||||
|
||||
## Limitations |
||||
|
||||
Despite being a useful tool, NSLookup has some limitations: |
||||
|
||||
- No support for DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions). |
||||
- Obsolete or not maintained in some Unix-based systems, replaced with more modern utilities like `dig`. |
||||
|
||||
## Alternatives |
||||
|
||||
Some alternatives to NSLookup include: |
||||
|
||||
- **dig**: "Domain Information Groper" is a flexible DNS utility that supports a wide range of DNS record types and provides more detailed information than NSLookup. |
||||
|
||||
- **host**: Another common DNS lookup tool that provides host-related information for both forward and reverse lookups. |
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion |
||||
|
||||
In summary, NSLookup is a handy DNS query tool for network administrators and users alike. It offers the basic functionality for finding associated domain names, IP addresses, and other DNS data while being simple to use. However, for more advanced needs, you should consider using alternatives like dig or host. |
||||
- [@article@nslookup](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/nslookup) |
||||
- [@video@What is Nslookup?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6pT8lbyhog) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,39 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# nslookup |
||||
|
||||
**Nslookup** is a network administration command-line tool designed for retrieving information about Domain Name System (DNS) records. DNS is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses, allowing users to access websites and resources by using human-readable names (e.g., www.example.com) instead of numerical IP addresses. |
||||
**nslookup** is a network utility used to query Domain Name System (DNS) servers for information about domain names and IP addresses. It allows users to obtain details such as IP address mappings for a given domain name, reverse lookups to find domain names associated with an IP address, and DNS record types like A, MX, and CNAME records. nslookup helps troubleshoot DNS-related issues, verify DNS configurations, and analyze DNS records. It can be run from the command line in various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. |
||||
|
||||
## Uses |
||||
Learn more from the following resources |
||||
|
||||
- Query DNS servers to verify the configuration of domain names |
||||
- Find the IP address of a specific domain name |
||||
- Troubleshoot DNS-related issues and errors |
||||
- Identify the authoritative DNS servers for a domain |
||||
|
||||
## How to Use |
||||
|
||||
- **Open Command Prompt or Terminal**: Press `Windows key + R`, type `cmd`, and press Enter to open Command Prompt on Windows. On macOS or Linux, open Terminal. |
||||
|
||||
- **Running Nslookup**: To start using Nslookup, type `nslookup` and hit Enter. You'll now see the `>` prompt, indicating you are in Nslookup mode. |
||||
|
||||
- **Query DNS Records**: In Nslookup mode, you can query different types of DNS records by typing the record type followed by the domain name. For instance, to find the A (address) record of www.example.com, type `A www.example.com`. To exit Nslookup mode, type `exit`. |
||||
|
||||
## Commonly Used Record Types |
||||
|
||||
Below are some of the most-commonly queried DNS record types: |
||||
|
||||
- **A**: Stands for 'Address'; returns the IPv4 address associated with a domain name |
||||
- **AAAA**: Stands for 'Address', for IPv6; returns the IPv6 address associated with a domain name |
||||
- **NS**: Stands for 'Name Server'; returns the authoritative DNS servers for a specific domain |
||||
- **MX**: Stands for 'Mail Exchange'; returns the mail server(s) responsible for handling email for a specific domain |
||||
- **CNAME**: Stands for 'Canonical Name'; returns the domain name that an alias is pointing to |
||||
- **TXT**: Stands for 'Text'; returns additional text information that can be associated with a domain, like security policies (e.g., SPF) |
||||
|
||||
## Example |
||||
|
||||
If you want to find the A (IPv4) record for example.com, follow these steps: |
||||
|
||||
- Open Command Prompt or Terminal |
||||
- Type `nslookup` and hit Enter |
||||
- Type `A example.com` and hit Enter |
||||
|
||||
This will return the IPv4 address associated with the domain name example.com. |
||||
- [@article@nslookup](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/nslookup) |
||||
- [@video@What is Nslookup?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6pT8lbyhog) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,25 +1,9 @@ |
||||
# NTP |
||||
|
||||
**NTP** (Network Time Protocol) is a crucial aspect of cybersecurity, as it helps in synchronizing the clocks of computer systems and other devices within a network. Proper time synchronization is vital for various functions, including authentication, logging, and ensuring the accuracy of digital signatures. In this section, we will discuss the importance, primary functions, and potential security risks associated with NTP. |
||||
**Network Time Protocol (NTP)** is a protocol used to synchronize the clocks of computers and network devices over a network. It ensures that all systems maintain accurate and consistent time by coordinating with a hierarchy of time sources, such as atomic clocks or GPS, through network communication. NTP operates over UDP port 123 and uses algorithms to account for network delays and adjust for clock drift, providing millisecond-level accuracy. Proper time synchronization is crucial for applications requiring time-sensitive operations, logging events, and maintaining the integrity of security protocols. |
||||
|
||||
## Importance of NTP in Cybersecurity |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Authentication**: Many security protocols, such as Kerberos, rely on accurate timekeeping for secure authentication. Time discrepancies may lead to authentication failures, causing disruptions in network services and affecting the overall security of the system. |
||||
- **Logging and Auditing**: Accurate timestamps on log files are essential for identifying and investigating security incidents. Inconsistent timing can make it challenging to track malicious activities and correlate events across systems. |
||||
- **Digital Signatures**: Digital signatures often include a timestamp to indicate when a document was signed. Accurate time synchronization is necessary to prevent tampering or repudiation of digital signatures. |
||||
- [@video@Network Time Protocol (NTP)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAo5C2qbLq8) |
||||
- [@article@What is NTP?](https://www.pubnub.com/learn/glossary/ntp-protocol/) |
||||
|
||||
## Primary Functions of NTP |
||||
|
||||
- **Clock Synchronization**: NTP helps in coordinating the clocks of all devices within a network by synchronizing them with a designated reference time source, usually a central NTP server. |
||||
- **Time Stratum Hierarchy**: NTP uses a hierarchical system of time servers called "stratum" to maintain time accuracy. Servers at a higher stratum provide time to lower stratum servers, which in turn synchronize the clocks of client devices. |
||||
- **Polling**: NTP clients continually poll their configured NTP servers at regular intervals to maintain accurate time synchronization. This process allows for the clients to adjust their clocks based on the information received from the server. |
||||
|
||||
## Security Risks and Best Practices with NTP |
||||
|
||||
While NTP is essential for maintaining accurate time synchronization across a network, it is not without security risks: |
||||
|
||||
- **NTP Reflection/Amplification Attacks**: These are a type of DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack that leverages misconfigured NTP servers to amplify malicious traffic targeted at a victim's system. To mitigate this risk, ensure your NTP server is securely configured to prevent abuse by attackers. |
||||
- **Time Spoofing**: An attacker can manipulate NTP traffic to alter the time on client devices, potentially causing authentication failures or allowing unauthorized access. Use authentication keys with NTP to ensure the integrity of time updates by verifying the server's identity. |
||||
- **Untrusted Servers**: Obtain time from a reliable time source to prevent tampering. Always configure clients to use trusted NTP servers, like pool.ntp.org, which provides access to a global group of well-maintained NTP servers. |
||||
|
||||
By understanding and implementing these crucial aspects of NTP, you can improve the overall security posture of your network by ensuring accurate time synchronization across all systems. |
||||
@ -1,43 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Obfuscation |
||||
|
||||
Obfuscation is the practice of making something difficult to understand or find by altering or hiding its appearance or content. In the context of cyber security and cryptography, obfuscation refers to the process of making data, code, or communication less readable and harder to interpret or reverse engineer. |
||||
**Obfuscation** is the practice of deliberately making data, code, or communications difficult to understand or analyze, often to protect intellectual property or enhance security. In software development, obfuscation involves transforming code into a complex or less readable form to hinder reverse engineering or unauthorized access. This technique can include renaming variables and functions to meaningless labels, or altering code structure while preserving functionality. In security contexts, obfuscation can also involve disguising malicious payloads to evade detection by antivirus or security systems. |
||||
|
||||
## 5.1 Why Use Obfuscation? |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
The primary purpose of obfuscation is to enhance security by: |
||||
|
||||
- Concealing sensitive information from unauthorized access or misuse. |
||||
- Protecting intellectual property (such as proprietary algorithms and code). |
||||
- Preventing or impeding reverse engineering, tampering, or analysis of code or data structures. |
||||
|
||||
Obfuscation can complement other security measures such as encryption, authentication, and access control, but it should not be relied upon as the sole line of defense. |
||||
|
||||
## 5.2 Techniques for Obfuscation |
||||
|
||||
There are several techniques for obfuscating data or code, including: |
||||
|
||||
- **Identifier renaming**: This technique involves changing the names of variables, functions, or objects in code to make it harder for an attacker to understand their purpose or behavior. |
||||
|
||||
_Example: Renaming `processPayment()` to `a1b2c3()`._ |
||||
|
||||
- **Control flow alteration**: This involves modifying the structure of code to make it difficult to follow or analyze, without affecting its functionality. This can include techniques such as inserting dummy loops or conditionals, or changing the order of instructions. |
||||
|
||||
_Example: Changing a straightforward loop into a series of nested loops with added conditional statements._ |
||||
|
||||
- **Data encoding**: Transforming or encoding data can make it less legible and harder to extract or manipulate. This can involve encoding strings or data structures, or splitting data across multiple variables or containers. |
||||
|
||||
_Example: Encoding a string as a series of character codes or a base64-encoded binary string._ |
||||
|
||||
- **Code encryption**: Encrypting portions of code or entire programs can prevent reverse engineering, tampering, or analysis. The code is decrypted at runtime, either by an interpreter or within the application itself. |
||||
|
||||
_Example: Using a cryptographically secure encryption algorithm, such as AES, to encrypt the main logic of a program._ |
||||
|
||||
## 5.3 Limitations and Considerations |
||||
|
||||
While obfuscation can be an effective deterrent against casual or unskilled attackers, it's important to recognize its limitations: |
||||
|
||||
- It is not foolproof: Determined and skilled attackers can often reverse-engineer or deobfuscate code or data if they are motivated enough. |
||||
- Obfuscation can impact performance and maintainability: The added complexity and overhead can make code slower to execute and harder to maintain or update. |
||||
- Relying solely on obfuscation is not recommended: It should be used as one layer in a comprehensive security strategy that includes encryption, authentication, and access control. |
||||
|
||||
In conclusion, obfuscation can be a useful tool to improve the security posture of a system, but it should not be relied upon as the only means of protection. |
||||
- [@article@How does Obfuscation work?](https://www.hypr.com/security-encyclopedia/obfuscation) |
||||
- [@video@Obfuscation - CompTIA Security+](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfuTMzZke4g) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,34 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Operating System Hardening |
||||
|
||||
OS hardening, or Operating System hardening, is the process of strengthening your operating system's security settings to prevent unauthorized access, data breaches, and other malicious activities. This step is essential for enhancing the security posture of your device or network and to minimize potential cyber risks. |
||||
**Operating system hardening** involves configuring and securing an OS to reduce vulnerabilities and improve its defense against attacks. This process includes disabling unnecessary services and ports, applying security patches and updates, configuring strong authentication mechanisms, enforcing least privilege principles, and enabling firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Hardening also involves setting up proper file permissions, securing system logs, and regularly auditing the system to ensure compliance with security policies and best practices. The goal is to minimize the attack surface and protect the OS from potential threats and exploits. |
||||
|
||||
## The Importance of OS Hardening |
||||
Learn more from the following resources |
||||
|
||||
In today's world of evolving cyber threats and vulnerabilities, default security configurations provided by operating systems are often insufficient. OS hardening is necessary to: |
||||
|
||||
- **Inhibit unauthorized access**: Limit the potential entry points for attackers. |
||||
- **Close security gaps**: Reduce the risks of exploits and vulnerabilities in your system. |
||||
- **Prevent data breaches**: Safeguard sensitive data from cybercriminals. |
||||
- **Align with compliance requirements**: Ensure your system complies with industry regulations and standards. |
||||
|
||||
## Key Principles of OS Hardening |
||||
|
||||
Here are some fundamental principles that can help strengthen your operating system security: |
||||
|
||||
- **Least Privilege**: Limit user rights and permissions, only providing the minimum access required for essential tasks. Implement stringent access controls and separation of duties. |
||||
- **Disable or remove unnecessary services**: Unnecessary software, programs, and services can introduce vulnerabilities. Turn them off or uninstall them when not needed. |
||||
- **Patch Management**: Keep your system and applications up-to-date with the latest security patches and updates. |
||||
- **Regular Monitoring**: Implement monitoring mechanisms to detect and respond to potential threats promptly. |
||||
- **Authentication and Password Security**: Enforce strong, unique passwords and use Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) for added protection. |
||||
|
||||
## Steps for OS Hardening |
||||
|
||||
A comprehensive OS hardening process includes the following steps: |
||||
|
||||
- **Create a Standard Operating Environment (SOE)**: Develop a standardized and secure system configuration as a baseline for all company systems. |
||||
- **Inventory**: Identify and track all the devices, software, and services in your environment and their respective configurations. |
||||
- **Assess current security controls**: Evaluate the existing security settings to identify gaps requiring improvement. |
||||
- **Apply required hardening measures**: Implement necessary changes, including applying patches, updating software, and configuring security settings. |
||||
- **Monitor and review**: Continuously monitor your environment and update your hardening measures and policies as needed. |
||||
|
||||
By incorporating OS hardening into your cybersecurity practices, you can significantly reduce the risks associated with cyber threats and protect your business's valuable assets. |
||||
- [@article@OS Hardening: 15 Best Practices](https://perception-point.io/guides/os-isolation/os-hardening-10-best-practices/) |
||||
- [@video@Hardening Techniques](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXoC46Qr_9Q) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,37 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Operating Systems |
||||
|
||||
An **operating system (OS)** is a crucial component of a computer system as it manages and controls both the hardware and software resources. It provides a user-friendly interface and ensures the seamless functioning of the various applications installed on the computer. |
||||
**Operating systems (OS)** are software that manage computer hardware and provide a platform for applications to run. They handle essential functions such as managing memory, processing tasks, controlling input and output devices, and facilitating file management. Key examples include **Windows**, **macOS**, **Linux**, and **Unix**. Each operating system offers different features and interfaces, tailored to specific user needs or system requirements, from desktop computing to server management and embedded systems. |
||||
|
||||
In the context of cybersecurity, selection and proper maintenance of an operating system is paramount. This section will discuss the three major operating systems: Windows, macOS, and Linux, along with security considerations. |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
## Windows |
||||
|
||||
Microsoft Windows is ubiquitous amongst desktop and laptop users, making it a primary target for cybercriminals. Attackers often focus on finding and exploiting vulnerabilities within Windows due to its extensive user-base. That said, Windows continues to enhance its built-in security features with updates and patches. Key features include: |
||||
|
||||
- Windows Defender: An antivirus program that detects and removes malware. |
||||
- Windows Firewall: Monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic. |
||||
- BitLocker: A full disk encryption feature for securing data. |
||||
|
||||
As a Windows user, keeping your system up-to-date and using additional security tools such as anti-malware software is vital. |
||||
|
||||
## macOS |
||||
|
||||
The macOS, Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers, holds a reputation for strong security. Apple designed macOS with several built-in features to protect user privacy and data: |
||||
|
||||
- Gatekeeper: Ensures downloaded apps originate from trusted sources. |
||||
- FileVault 2: Offers full-disk encryption for data protection. |
||||
- XProtect: An antivirus tool that scans newly installed apps for malware. |
||||
|
||||
Despite macOS's sound security measures, no operating system is completely immune to threats. Running reputable security software and keeping your macOS updated is essential to safeguard against potential cyberattacks. |
||||
|
||||
## Linux |
||||
|
||||
Linux is an open-source operating system considered to be more secure than its commercial counterparts. Linux uses a multi-user environment, mitigating the impact of potential threats by separating user information and privileges. Other notable features include: |
||||
|
||||
- Software Repositories: Official software repositories maintained by Linux distributions provide trusted sources for software installation. |
||||
- SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux): A security architecture that allows administrators to control system access. |
||||
- System/package updates: Regular updates offered by distributions hold essential security fixes. |
||||
|
||||
Although Linux distributions are less targeted by cybercriminals, it is vital to follow security best practices, such as keeping your system updated and employing security tools like antivirus software and firewalls. |
||||
|
||||
Remember, the security of your operating system relies on timely updates, proper configuration, and the use of appropriate security tools. Stay vigilant and informed to ensure your system remains secure against ever-evolving cyber threats. |
||||
- [@article@What is an operating system?](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-an-operating-system/) |
||||
- [@video@What is an operating system as fast as possible](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVzRTmdd9j0) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,36 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# OSCP |
||||
|
||||
## Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP) |
||||
**OSCP (Offensive Security Certified Professional)** is a widely recognized certification in cybersecurity that focuses on penetration testing and ethical hacking. Offered by Offensive Security, it requires candidates to complete a challenging exam that involves identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities in a controlled environment. The OSCP certification emphasizes hands-on skills, practical experience, and the ability to conduct comprehensive security assessments, making it highly valued by employers for its rigorous approach to real-world penetration testing techniques. |
||||
|
||||
The **Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP)** is a highly respected and sought-after certification in the field of cybersecurity. This certification is designed to test your practical knowledge and skills in the identification and exploitation of vulnerabilities in a target environment, as well as your ability to effectively implement offensive security techniques to assess the security posture of networks and systems. |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
## Key Topics Covered: |
||||
|
||||
- Penetration testing methodologies |
||||
- Advanced information gathering techniques |
||||
- Buffer overflow attacks |
||||
- Web application attacks |
||||
- Various exploitation techniques |
||||
- Privilege escalation |
||||
- Client-side attacks |
||||
- Post-exploitation techniques |
||||
- Basic scripting and automation |
||||
|
||||
## Prerequisites: |
||||
|
||||
There are no strict prerequisites for the OSCP, but it is recommended that candidates have a solid understanding of networking, system administration, and Linux/Unix command-line environments. Familiarity with basic programming concepts, scripting languages (e.g., Python, Bash), and operating system concepts will also be helpful. |
||||
|
||||
## Exam Format: |
||||
|
||||
To obtain the OSCP certification, you must successfully complete the 24-hour hands-on exam, where you are required to attack and penetrate a target network, compromising several machines and completing specific objectives within the given time frame. |
||||
|
||||
Before attempting the exam, candidates must complete the accompanying training course, **Penetration Testing with Kali Linux (PWK)**, which provides the necessary knowledge and practical experience required for the OSCP exam. |
||||
|
||||
## Why Pursue the OSCP Certification? |
||||
|
||||
- **Hands-on Approach:** OSCP emphasizes a practical, hands-on approach, ensuring that certified professionals possess both the theoretical knowledge and practical skills required to succeed in the cybersecurity field. |
||||
- **Industry Recognition:** OSCP is widely recognized and respected within the cybersecurity community as a rigorous and demanding certification that validates a candidate's ability to perform under pressure. |
||||
- **Career Advancement:** With the OSCP certification, you can demonstrate your advanced skills in offensive security techniques, making you a valuable asset to any security team and potentially opening up opportunities for career growth, higher salaries, and challenging roles in the industry. |
||||
- **Continuous Learning:** Pursuing the OSCP certification will help you develop a deeper understanding of underlying vulnerabilities and attack vectors. This knowledge, combined with constantly evolving offensive security techniques, ensures that you stay ahead in the ever-changing cybersecurity landscape. |
||||
|
||||
Obtaining the OSCP certification can be a challenging and rewarding journey that provides you with practical skills and industry recognition, enabling you to stand out as a cybersecurity professional and advance your career in the field. |
||||
- [@article@Offsec OSCP Site](https://www.offsec.com/courses/pen-200/) |
||||
- [@article@How to prepare for the OSCP](https://cybersecurityguide.org/programs/cybersecurity-certifications/oscp/) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,19 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# PaaS |
||||
|
||||
Platform as a Service, or **PaaS**, is a type of cloud computing service that provides a platform for developers to create, deploy, and maintain software applications. PaaS combines the software development platform and the underlying infrastructure, such as servers, storage, and networking resources. This enables developers to focus on writing and managing their applications, without worrying about the underlying infrastructure's setup, maintenance, and scalability. |
||||
Platform as a Service, or **PaaS**, is a type of cloud computing service that provides a platform for developers to create, deploy, and maintain software applications. PaaS combines the software development platform and the underlying infrastructure, such as servers, storage, and networking resources. This enables developers to focus on writing and managing their applications, without worrying about the underlying infrastructure's setup, maintenance, and scalability. PaaS simplifies the application development and deployment process by providing a platform and its associated tools, saving developers time and resources. By leveraging PaaS, organizations can focus on their core competencies and build innovative applications without worrying about infrastructure management. |
||||
|
||||
## Key Features of PaaS |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Scalability:** PaaS allows for easily scaling applications to handle increased load and demand, without the need for manual intervention. |
||||
- **Development Tools:** PaaS providers offer a collection of integrated development tools, such as programming languages, libraries, and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that enable developers to build and deploy applications. |
||||
- **Automated Management:** PaaS platforms automate the management of underlying resources and provide seamless updates to ensure the applications are always running on the latest and most secure software versions. |
||||
- **Cost-Effective:** PaaS can be more cost-effective than managing an on-premises infrastructure, since the provider manages the underlying resources, thus reducing the need for dedicated IT staff. |
||||
|
||||
## Common Use Cases for PaaS |
||||
|
||||
- **Application Development:** Developers can use PaaS platforms to develop, test, and launch applications quickly and efficiently. |
||||
- **Web Hosting:** PaaS platforms often include tools for hosting and managing web applications, reducing the effort needed to configure and maintain web servers. |
||||
- **Data Analytics:** PaaS platforms typically offer data processing and analytics tools, making it easy for organizations to analyze and gain insights from their data. |
||||
- **IoT Development:** PaaS platforms may include IoT (Internet of Things) services, simplifying the development and management of IoT applications and devices. |
||||
|
||||
In conclusion, PaaS simplifies the application development and deployment process by providing a platform and its associated tools, saving developers time and resources. By leveraging PaaS, organizations can focus on their core competencies and build innovative applications without worrying about infrastructure management. |
||||
- [@article@What is PaaS?](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/resources/cloud-computing-dictionary/what-is-paas) |
||||
- [@video@PaaS Explained](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAbqJzd0PEE) |
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Packet Captures |
||||
|
||||
**Packet captures** involve recording and analyzing network traffic data packets as they travel across a network. This process allows network administrators and security professionals to inspect the content of packets, including headers and payloads, to diagnose network issues, monitor performance, and detect suspicious activities. Packet captures are typically performed using tools like Wireshark or tcpdump, which collect and store packets for later examination. This analysis helps in understanding network behavior, troubleshooting problems, and identifying security threats or vulnerabilities. |
||||
|
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- [@article@Packet Capture: What is it and What You Need to Know](https://www.varonis.com/blog/packet-capture) |
||||
- [@video@Wireshark Tutorial for Beginners](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTaOZrDnMzQ) |
||||
@ -1,29 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Patching |
||||
|
||||
Patching is the process of updating, modifying, or repairing software or systems by applying fixes, also known as patches. Patches are designed to address vulnerabilities, fix bugs, or improve the overall security of a system. Regular patching is an essential component of any cyber security strategy. |
||||
**Patching** refers to the process of updating software or systems with fixes or improvements to address security vulnerabilities, bugs, or performance issues. This involves applying patches—small pieces of code provided by software vendors or developers—to close security gaps, resolve operational problems, and enhance functionality. Regular patching is crucial for maintaining system security and stability, protecting against exploits, and ensuring that systems remain compliant with security standards and best practices. |
||||
|
||||
## Importance of Patching |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Fix security vulnerabilities** - Attackers are constantly on the lookout for unpatched systems, which makes patching a critical step in securing your environment. Patches help fix any security weaknesses that the software developers have identified. |
||||
|
||||
- **Enhance system stability** - Patches often include improvements to the software's codebase or configuration, enhancing the overall performance and stability of the system. |
||||
|
||||
- **Improve software functionality** - Patches can add new features and update existing ones, ensuring that your software remains up-to-date with the latest technology advancements. |
||||
|
||||
## Patch Management |
||||
|
||||
To make patching effective, organizations need to establish a well-structured patch management process. A good patch management process includes: |
||||
|
||||
- **Inventory** - Maintaining a comprehensive inventory of all devices and software within your organization allows you to detect the need for patches and implement them in a timely manner. |
||||
|
||||
- **Risk assessment** - Evaluate the risk associated with the vulnerabilities addressed by a patch. This will help prioritize which patches should be applied first. |
||||
|
||||
- **Patch testing** - Always test patches in a controlled environment before deploying them to your production systems. This will help identify any potential compatibility or performance issues that the patch might cause. |
||||
|
||||
- **Deployment** - Ensure that patches are deployed across your organization's systems in a timely and consistent manner, following a predefined schedule. |
||||
|
||||
- **Monitoring and reporting** - Establishing a mechanism for monitoring and reporting on the status of patching activities ensures that your organization remains compliant with relevant regulations and best practices. |
||||
|
||||
- **Patch rollback** - In case a patch causes unexpected issues or conflicts, having a plan for rolling back patches is essential. This may include creating backups and having a process for quickly restoring systems to their pre-patch state. |
||||
|
||||
By integrating patching into your organization's cyber security strategy, you can significantly reduce the attack surface and protect your critical assets from cyber threats. Regular patching, combined with other hardening concepts and best practices, ensures a strong and resilient cyber security posture. |
||||
- [@article@What is Patch Management?](https://www.ibm.com/topics/patch-management) |
||||
- [@video@What Is Patch Management, and Why Does Your Company Need It?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5XXlJear0w) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,19 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Penetration Testing Rules of Engagement |
||||
|
||||
Penetration testing, also known as ethical hacking, is an essential component of a strong cybersecurity program. Rules of engagement (RoE) for penetration testing define the scope, boundaries, and guidelines for conducting a successful penetration test. These rules are crucial to ensure lawful, efficient, and safe testing. |
||||
**Penetration Testing Rules of Engagement** define the guidelines and boundaries for conducting a penetration test. They establish the scope, objectives, and constraints, including the systems and networks to be tested, the testing methods allowed, and the times during which testing can occur. These rules ensure that the testing is conducted ethically and legally, minimizing disruptions and protecting sensitive data. They also include communication protocols for reporting findings and any necessary approvals or permissions from stakeholders to ensure that the testing aligns with organizational policies and compliance requirements. |
||||
|
||||
## Key Components |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Scope**: The primary objective of defining a scope is to reasonably limit the testing areas. It specifies the systems, networks, or applications to be tested (in-scope) and those to be excluded (out-of-scope). Additionally, the scope should indicate testing methodologies, objectives, and timeframes. |
||||
|
||||
- **Authorization**: Penetration testing must be authorized by the organization's management or the system owner. Proper authorization ensures the testing is legitimate, lawful, and compliant with organizational policies. Obtain written permission, detail authorization parameters, and report concerns or issues that may arise during the test. |
||||
|
||||
- **Communication**: Establish a clear communication plan to ensure timely and accurate information exchange between penetration testers and stakeholders. Designate primary contacts and a secondary point of contact for escalations, emergencies or incident handling. Document the preferred communication channels and establish reporting protocols. |
||||
|
||||
- **Testing Approach**: Select an appropriate testing approach, such as black-box, white-box, or grey-box testing, depending on the objectives and available information. Clarify which penetration testing methodologies will be utilized (e.g., OSSTMM, OWASP, PTES) and specify whether automated tools, manual techniques, or both will be used during the test. |
||||
|
||||
- **Legal & Regulatory Compliance**: Comply with applicable laws, regulations, and industry standards (e.g., GDPR, PCI-DSS, HIPAA) to prevent violations and potential penalties. Seek legal advice if necessary and ensure all parties involved are aware of the regulations governing their specific domain. |
||||
|
||||
- **Rules of Engagement Document**: Formalize all rules in a written document and have it signed by all relevant parties (e.g., system owner, penetration tester, legal advisor). This document should include information such as scope, approach, communication guidelines, and restrictions on testing techniques. Keep it as a reference for incident handling and accountability during the test. |
||||
|
||||
In conclusion, robust penetration rules of engagement not only help identify potential security vulnerabilities in your organization but also ensure that the testing process is transparent and compliant. Establishing RoE is necessary to minimize the risk of legal issues, miscommunications, and disruptions to the organization's routine operations. |
||||
- [@article@Why are rules of engagement important to a Penetration Test?](https://www.triaxiomsecurity.com/rules-of-engagement-important-to-penetration-test/) |
||||
- [@video@CompTIA Pentest+ : Rules of Engagement](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rt-4j8k6J2U) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,62 +1,9 @@ |
||||
# Performing CRUD on Files |
||||
|
||||
When working with files in any system or application, understanding and performing CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) is essential for implementing robust cyber security measures. |
||||
Performing CRUD operations on files involves creating new files (using write mode), reading file contents (using read mode), updating files (by appending or overwriting existing content), and deleting files (using commands or functions like `os.remove()` in Python). These basic operations are fundamental for managing file data in various applications. |
||||
|
||||
## File Creation |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Windows**: You can create new files using the built-in text editor (Notepad) or dedicated file creation software. You can also use PowerShell commands for quicker file creation. The `New-Item` command followed by the file path creates a file. |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
New-Item -Path "C:\Example\example.txt" -ItemType "file" |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
- **Linux**: Unlike Windows, file creation is usually done through the terminal. The `touch` command helps create a file in the desired directory. |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
touch /example/example.txt |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
## File Reading |
||||
|
||||
- **Windows**: You can read a file using standard file readers, such as Notepad, Wordpad, etc., or you can utilize PowerShell commands. The `Get-Content` command provides the file content. |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
Get-Content -Path "C:\Example\example.txt" |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
- **Linux**: The `cat` command is the most common way to read the contents of a file in Linux. |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
cat /example/example.txt |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
## File Updating |
||||
|
||||
- **Windows**: File updating can be accomplished using the previously mentioned text editors or PowerShell. The `Set-Content` or `Add-Content` commands are useful for updating a file. |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
Set-Content -Path "C:\Example\example.txt" -Value "Updated content" |
||||
Add-Content -Path "C:\Example\example.txt" -Value "Appended content" |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
- **Linux**: Linux uses the built-in text editors, such as `nano` or `vim`, to update files. Alternatively, the `echo` command can append content to a file. |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
echo "Appended content" >> /example/example.txt |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
## File Deletion |
||||
|
||||
- **Windows**: File deletion is performed by right-clicking the file and selecting 'Delete' or using PowerShell commands. The `Remove-Item` command followed by the file path can delete a file. |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
Remove-Item -Path "C:\Example\example.txt" |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
- **Linux**: The `rm` command allows you to delete a file in Linux. |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
rm /example/example.txt |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
By mastering these CRUD operations, you can enhance your cyber security knowledge and implement effective incident response and file management strategies. |
||||
- [@article@What is CRUD?](https://www.crowdstrike.com/cybersecurity-101/observability/crud/) |
||||
- [@article@CRUD Operations](https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/crud-operations-explained/) |
||||
- [@video@What is CRUD?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNkspbIfcic) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,17 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# picoCTF |
||||
|
||||
[PicoCTF](https://picoctf.org/) is a popular online Capture The Flag (CTF) competition designed for beginners and experienced cyber security enthusiasts alike. It is organized annually by the [Plaid Parliament of Pwning (PPP)](https://ppp.cylab.cmu.edu/) team, a group of cyber security researchers and students from Carnegie Mellon University. |
||||
**picoCTF** is an online cybersecurity competition designed to help students and beginners learn and practice hacking skills through capture-the-flag (CTF) challenges. Developed by Carnegie Mellon University, picoCTF features a series of progressively difficult puzzles that teach concepts such as reverse engineering, cryptography, web exploitation, forensics, and binary exploitation. It's an educational platform that offers hands-on experience in solving real-world cybersecurity problems, making it popular among both students and aspiring cybersecurity professionals for learning and improving their skills in a practical, interactive environment. |
||||
|
||||
## Features |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Level-based Challenges**: PicoCTF offers a wide range of challenges sorted by difficulty levels. You will find challenges in topics like cryptography, web exploitation, forensics, reverse engineering, binary exploitation, and much more. These challenges are designed to build practical cybersecurity skills and engage in real-world problem-solving. |
||||
|
||||
- **Learning Resources**: The platform includes a collection of learning resources to help participants better understand the topics they are tackling. This allows you to quickly learn the necessary background information to excel in each challenge. |
||||
|
||||
- **Collaborative Environment**: Users can collaborate with a team or join a group to work together and share ideas. Working with others allows for hands-on practice in communication, organization, and critical thinking skills that are vital in the cybersecurity field. |
||||
|
||||
- **Leaderboard and Competitive Spirit**: PicoCTF maintains a growing leaderboard where participants can see their ranking, adding an exciting competitive aspect to the learning experience. |
||||
|
||||
- **Open for All Ages**: The competition is open to individuals of all ages, with a focus on students in middle and high school in order to cultivate the next generation of cybersecurity professionals. |
||||
|
||||
In conclusion, PicoCTF is an excellent platform for beginners to start learning about cybersecurity, as well as for experienced individuals looking to improve their skills and compete. By participating in PicoCTF, you can enhance your knowledge, engage with the cyber security community, and hone your skills in this ever-growing field. |
||||
- [@official@picoCTF Website](https://picoctf.org/) |
||||
- [@video@BEGINNER Capture The Flag - PicoCTF 2021 001 "Obedient Cat"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P07NH5F-t3s) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,35 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# ping |
||||
|
||||
**Ping** is a fundamental networking tool that helps users to check the connectivity between two devices, typically a source computer, and a remote device, such as a server or another computer. The name "ping" comes from the sonar terminology, where a signal is sent out and a response is expected to verify the presence of an object. |
||||
**Ping** is a network utility used to test the reachability and responsiveness of a device on a network. It sends Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets to a target host and measures the time it takes for an echo reply to be received. Ping is commonly used to diagnose network connectivity issues, determine network latency, and check if a specific server or device is online. A successful ping response indicates that the target device is reachable, while failures or delays may suggest network problems, such as packet loss or routing issues. |
||||
|
||||
The ping command operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request packets to the target host and waiting for an ICMP Echo Reply. By sending multiple requests and calculating the time interval between sending the request and receiving a reply, the tool provides valuable information about the quality and reliability of the network connection. |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
## Using Ping |
||||
|
||||
To use the ping command, open a command prompt or terminal window, and type `ping` followed by the IP address or hostname of the target device. For example: |
||||
|
||||
``` |
||||
ping example.com |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
## Interpreting Ping Results |
||||
|
||||
The output of the ping command will display the following information: |
||||
|
||||
- **Sent**: The number of packets sent to the target device. |
||||
- **Received**: The number of packets received from the target device (if connectivity is successful). |
||||
- **Lost**: The number of packets that did not reach the target device, indicating a problem in the connection. |
||||
- **Minimum, Maximum, and Average Round Trip Time (RTT)**: Provides an estimate of the time it takes for a single packet to travel from the source device to the destination and back again. |
||||
|
||||
## Troubleshooting with Ping |
||||
|
||||
Ping is particularly useful for diagnosing and troubleshooting network connectivity issues. Some common scenarios in which it can help include: |
||||
|
||||
- Verifying if a remote device is active and responding. |
||||
- Identifying network latency or slow network connections. |
||||
- Troubleshooting routing problems and packet loss. |
||||
- Testing the resolution of domain names to IP addresses. |
||||
|
||||
By understanding and utilizing the ping command, users can diagnose and resolve various network-related issues to ensure a stable and secure online experience. |
||||
|
||||
Remember that some devices or servers may be configured not to respond to ICMP requests, which might result in no response or a "Request timed out" message after using the ping command. This behavior is usually configured to prevent potential security risks or attacks, so don't panic if you encounter this while troubleshooting. |
||||
- [@article@What is ping?](https://www.solarwinds.com/resources/it-glossary/ping) |
||||
- [@video@Ping command explained](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sv5pL-XgSg) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,21 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# ping |
||||
|
||||
Ping is a fundamental network utility that helps users determine the availability and response time of a target device, such as a computer, server, or network device, by sending small packets of data to it. It operates on the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and forms an essential part of the incident response and discovery toolkit in cyber security. |
||||
**Ping** is a network utility used to test the reachability and responsiveness of a device on a network. It sends Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets to a target host and measures the time it takes for an echo reply to be received. Ping is commonly used to diagnose network connectivity issues, determine network latency, and check if a specific server or device is online. A successful ping response indicates that the target device is reachable, while failures or delays may suggest network problems, such as packet loss or routing issues. |
||||
|
||||
## How Ping Works |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
When you issue a Ping command, your device sends out ICMP Echo Request packets to the target device. In response, the target device sends out ICMP Echo Reply packets. The round-trip time (RTT) between the request and reply is measured and reported, which is an indication of the network latency and helps identify network problems. |
||||
|
||||
## Uses of Ping in Cyber Security |
||||
|
||||
- **Availability and Reachability:** Ping helps ensure that the target device is online and reachable in the network. A successful ping indicates that the target is available and responding to network requests. |
||||
- **Response Time Measurements:** Ping provides the RTT measurements, which are useful for identifying network latency issues or bottlenecks. High RTTs indicate potential network congestion or other issues. |
||||
- **Troubleshoot Connectivity Issues:** In case of network issues or cyber attacks, Ping can help isolate the problem by determining whether the issue is with the target device, the network infrastructure, or a security configuration. |
||||
- **Confirming Access Control:** Ping can also be used to ensure that firewalls or intrusion detection systems (IDS) are properly configured by confirming if ICMP requests are allowed or blocked. |
||||
|
||||
## Ping Limitations |
||||
|
||||
- **Blocking ICMP Traffic**: Some devices or firewalls may be configured to block ICMP traffic, making them unresponsive to Ping requests. |
||||
- **False-Negative Results**: A poor network connection or heavy packet loss may result in a false-negative Ping result, incorrectly displaying the target device as unavailable. |
||||
|
||||
Despite these limitations, Ping remains a useful tool in the cyber security world for network diagnostics and incident response. However, it is essential to use Ping in conjunction with other discovery tools and network analysis techniques for comprehensive network assessments. |
||||
- [@article@What is ping?](https://www.solarwinds.com/resources/it-glossary/ping) |
||||
- [@video@Ping command explained](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sv5pL-XgSg) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,34 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# PKI |
||||
|
||||
Public Key Infrastructure, or PKI, is a system used to manage the distribution and identification of public encryption keys. It provides a framework for the creation, storage, and distribution of digital certificates, allowing users to exchange data securely through the use of a public and private cryptographic key pair provided by a Certificate Authority (CA). |
||||
**Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)** is a framework that manages digital certificates and public-private key pairs, enabling secure communication, authentication, and data encryption over networks. PKI supports various security services such as confidentiality, integrity, and digital signatures. It includes components like **Certificate Authorities (CAs)**, which issue and revoke digital certificates, **Registration Authorities (RAs)**, which verify the identity of certificate requestors, and **certificates** themselves, which bind public keys to individuals or entities. PKI is essential for secure online transactions, encrypted communications, and identity verification in applications like SSL/TLS, email encryption, and code signing. |
||||
|
||||
## Key Components of PKI |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Certificate Authority (CA):** A trusted third-party organization that issues and manages digital certificates. The CA verifies the identity of entities and issues digital certificates attesting to that identity. |
||||
|
||||
- **Registration Authority (RA):** A subordinate authority that assists the CA in validating entities' identity before issuing digital certificates. The RA may also be involved in revoking certificates or managing key recovery. |
||||
|
||||
- **Digital Certificates:** Electronic documents containing the public key and other identifying information about the entity, along with a digital signature from the CA. |
||||
|
||||
- **Private and Public Key Pair:** Unique cryptographic keys generated together, where the public key is shared with others and the private key is kept secret by the owner. The public key encrypts data, and only the corresponding private key can decrypt it. |
||||
|
||||
## Benefits of PKI |
||||
|
||||
- **Secure Communication:** PKI enables secure communication across networks by encrypting data transmitted between parties, ensuring that only the intended recipient can read it. |
||||
|
||||
- **Authentication:** Digital certificates issued by a CA validate the identity of entities and their public keys, enabling trust between parties. |
||||
|
||||
- **Non-repudiation:** PKI ensures that a sender cannot deny sending a message, as their digital signature is unique and verified by their digital certificate. |
||||
|
||||
- **Integrity:** PKI confirms the integrity of messages by ensuring that they have not been tampered with during transmission. |
||||
|
||||
## Common Uses of PKI |
||||
|
||||
- Secure email communication |
||||
- Secure file transfer |
||||
- Secure remote access and VPNs |
||||
- Secure web browsing (HTTPS) |
||||
- Digital signatures |
||||
- Internet of Things (IoT) security |
||||
|
||||
In summary, PKI plays a crucial role in establishing trust and secure communication between entities in the digital world. By using a system of trusted CAs and digital certificates, PKI provides a secure means of exchanging data, authentication, and maintaining the integrity of digital assets. |
||||
- [@article@What is PKI?](https://cpl.thalesgroup.com/faq/public-key-infrastructure-pki/what-public-key-infrastructure-pki) |
||||
- [@article@Design and build a privately hosted Public Key Infrastructure](Design and build a privately hosted Public Key Infrastructure) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,33 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Preparation |
||||
|
||||
The **preparation** stage of the incident response process is crucial to ensure the organization's readiness to effectively deal with any type of security incidents. This stage revolves around establishing and maintaining an incident response plan, creating an incident response team, and providing proper training and awareness sessions for the employees. Below, we'll highlight some key aspects of the preparation stage. |
||||
The **Preparation** phase in incident response involves establishing and maintaining the tools, policies, and procedures necessary to handle security incidents effectively. This includes creating an incident response plan, defining roles and responsibilities, training staff, and ensuring that appropriate technologies, such as monitoring systems and logging tools, are in place to detect and respond to incidents. Preparation also involves conducting regular drills, threat intelligence gathering, and vulnerability assessments to enhance readiness, ensuring the organization is equipped to mitigate potential security threats quickly and efficiently. |
||||
|
||||
## Incident Response Plan |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
An _Incident Response Plan_ is a documented set of guidelines and procedures for identifying, investigating, and responding to security incidents. It should include the following components: |
||||
|
||||
- **Roles and Responsibilities**: Define the roles within the incident response team and the responsibilities of each member. |
||||
- **Incident Classification**: Establish criteria to classify incidents based on their severity, impact, and type. |
||||
- **Escalation Procedures**: Define a clear path for escalating incidents depending on their classification, involving relevant stakeholders when necessary. |
||||
- **Communication Guidelines**: Set up procedures to communicate about incidents internally within the organization, as well as externally with partners, law enforcement, and the media. |
||||
- **Response Procedures**: Outline the steps to be taken for each incident classification, from identification to resolution. |
||||
|
||||
## Incident Response Team |
||||
|
||||
An _Incident Response Team_ is a group of individuals within an organization that have been appointed to manage security incidents. The team should be comprised of members with diverse skillsets and backgrounds, including but not limited to: |
||||
|
||||
- Security Analysts |
||||
- Network Engineers |
||||
- IT Managers |
||||
- Legal Counsel |
||||
- Public Relations Representatives |
||||
|
||||
## Training and Awareness |
||||
|
||||
Employee training and awareness is a crucial component of the preparation stage. This includes providing regular training sessions on security best practices and the incident response process, as well as conducting simulated incident exercises to evaluate the efficiency of the response plan and the team's readiness. |
||||
|
||||
## Continuous Improvement |
||||
|
||||
The preparation phase is not a one-time activity; it should be regularly revisited, evaluated, and updated based on lessons learned from previous incidents, changes in the organization's structure, and emerging threats in the cybersecurity landscape. |
||||
|
||||
In summary, the preparation stage is the foundation of an effective incident response process. By establishing a comprehensive plan, assembling a skilled team, and ensuring ongoing employee training and awareness, organizations can minimize the potential damage of cybersecurity incidents and respond to them quickly and effectively. |
||||
- [@article@](https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/security/business/security-101/what-is-incident-response) |
||||
- [@video@](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePZGqlcB1O8) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,34 +1,14 @@ |
||||
# Pvt Key vs Pub Key |
||||
|
||||
Cryptography plays a vital role in securing cyber systems from unauthorized access and protecting sensitive information. One of the most popular methods used for ensuring data privacy and authentication is the concept of **Public-Key Cryptography**. This type of cryptography relies on two distinct keys: **Private Key** and **Public Key**. This section provides a brief summary of Private Keys and Public Keys, and highlights the differences between the two. |
||||
**Public keys** and **private keys** are cryptographic components used in asymmetric encryption. |
||||
|
||||
## Private Key |
||||
- **Public Key:** This key is shared openly and used to encrypt data or verify a digital signature. It can be distributed widely and is used by anyone to send encrypted messages to the key owner or to verify their digital signatures. |
||||
|
||||
A Private Key, also known as a Secret Key, is a confidential cryptographic key that is uniquely associated with an individual or an organization. It should be kept secret and not revealed to anyone, except the authorized person who owns it. The Private Key is used for decrypting data that was encrypted using the corresponding Public Key, or for signing digital documents, proving the identity of the signer. |
||||
- **Private Key:** This key is kept secret by the owner and is used to decrypt data encrypted with the corresponding public key or to create a digital signature. It must be protected rigorously to maintain the security of encrypted communications and authentication. |
||||
|
||||
Key characteristics of Private Keys: |
||||
Together, they enable secure communications and authentication, where the public key encrypts or verifies, and the private key decrypts or signs. |
||||
|
||||
- Confidential and not shared with others |
||||
- Used for decryption or digital signing |
||||
- Loss or theft of Private Key can lead to data breaches and compromise of sensitive information |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
## Public Key |
||||
|
||||
A Public Key is an openly available cryptographic key that is paired with a Private Key. Anyone can use the Public Key to encrypt data or to verify signatures, but only the person/organization with the corresponding Private Key can decrypt the encrypted data or create signatures. The Public Key can be distributed freely without compromising the security of the underlying cryptographic system. |
||||
|
||||
Key characteristics of Public Keys: |
||||
|
||||
- Publicly available and can be shared with anyone |
||||
- Used for encryption or verifying digital signatures |
||||
- Loss or theft of Public Key does not compromise sensitive information or communication security |
||||
|
||||
## Key Differences |
||||
|
||||
The main differences between Private and Public keys are as follows: |
||||
|
||||
- Ownership: The Private Key is confidential and owned by a specific individual/organization, while the Public Key is owned by the same individual/organization but can be publicly distributed. |
||||
- Accessibility: The Private Key is never shared or revealed to anyone, whereas the Public Key can be shared freely. |
||||
- Purpose: The Private Key is used for decrypting data and creating digital signatures, while the Public Key is used for encrypting data and verifying digital signatures. |
||||
- Security: Loss or theft of the Private Key can lead to serious security breaches while losing a Public Key does not compromise the security of the system. |
||||
|
||||
Understanding the roles and differences between Private and Public Keys is essential for ensuring the effective application of Public-Key Cryptography in securing cyber systems and protecting sensitive information. |
||||
- [@article@SSH Keys Explained](https://www.sectigo.com/resource-library/what-is-an-ssh-key) |
||||
- [@article@Public Key vs Private Key: How are they Different?](https://venafi.com/blog/what-difference-between-public-key-and-private-key/) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,23 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Private |
||||
|
||||
A **Private Cloud** is a cloud computing model that is solely dedicated to a single organization. In this model, the organization's data and applications are hosted and managed either within the organization's premises or in a privately-owned data center. This cloud model provides enhanced security and control, as the resources are not shared with other organizations, ensuring that your data remains private and secure. |
||||
A **private cloud** is a cloud computing environment dedicated to a single organization, offering the same benefits as public clouds, such as scalability and self-service, but with greater control and customization. It is hosted either on-premises or by a third-party provider, and it ensures that the organization's data and applications are isolated from other entities. This setup enhances security and compliance, making it ideal for businesses with specific regulatory requirements or high-security needs. |
||||
|
||||
## Benefits of Private Cloud |
||||
Learn more from the following resources: |
||||
|
||||
- **Enhanced Security:** As the resources and infrastructure are dedicated to one organization, the risk of unauthorized access, data leaks, or security breaches is minimal. |
||||
|
||||
- **Customization and Control:** The organization has complete control over their cloud environment, enabling them to customize their infrastructure and applications according to their specific needs. |
||||
|
||||
- **Compliance:** Private clouds can be tailored to meet strict regulatory and compliance requirements, ensuring that sensitive data is protected. |
||||
|
||||
- **Dedicated Resources:** Organizations have access to dedicated resources, ensuring high performance and availability for their applications. |
||||
|
||||
## Drawbacks of Private Cloud |
||||
|
||||
- **Higher Costs:** Building and maintaining a private cloud can be expensive, as organizations are responsible for purchasing and managing their own hardware, software, and infrastructure. |
||||
|
||||
- **Limited Scalability:** As resources are dedicated to one organization, private clouds may have limited scalability, requiring additional investments in infrastructure upgrades to accommodate growth. |
||||
|
||||
- **Responsibility for Management and Maintenance:** Unlike public clouds, where the cloud provider handles management and maintenance, the organization is responsible for these tasks in a private cloud, which can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. |
||||
|
||||
In summary, a private cloud model is ideal for organizations that require a high level of security, control, and customization. It is especially suitable for organizations with strict compliance requirements or sensitive data to protect. However, this model comes with higher costs and management responsibilities, which should be considered when choosing a cloud model for your organization. |
||||
- [@article@What is a private cloud?](https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/private-cloud/) |
||||
- [@video@Private cloud rules](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tzqy8lW0bk4) |
||||
|
||||
@ -1,25 +1,8 @@ |
||||
# Privilege escalation / User based Attacks |
||||
|
||||
Privilege escalation attacks occur when an attacker gains unauthorized access to a system and then elevates their privileges to perform actions that they should not have been able to do. There are two main types of privilege escalation: |
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Privilege Escalation**: In this type of attack, an attacker gains unauthorized access to a user account with the same privilege level as their own, but is able to perform actions or access data that belongs to another user. |
||||
|
||||
- **Vertical Privilege Escalation**: Also known as "Privilege Elevation," this type of attack involves an attacker gaining unauthorized access to a system and then elevating their privilege level from a regular user to an administrator, system owner, or root user. This provides the attacker with greater control over the system and its resources. |
||||
|
||||
To protect your systems and data from privilege escalation attacks, consider implementing the following best practices: |
||||
|
||||
- **Principle of Least Privilege**: Assign the minimum necessary access and privileges to each user account, and regularly review and update access permissions as required. |
||||
|
||||
- **Regularly Update and Patch Software**: Keep your software and systems up-to-date with the latest security patches to address known vulnerabilities that could be exploited in privilege escalation attacks. |
||||
|
||||
- **Implement Strong Authentication and Authorization**: Use strong authentication methods (e.g., multi-factor authentication) and ensure proper access controls are in place to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data or system resources. |
||||
|
||||
- **Conduct Security Audits**: Regularly check for any misconfigurations, vulnerabilities or outdated software that could be exploited in privilege escalation attacks. |
||||
|
||||
- **Monitor and Log System Activities**: Implement logging and monitoring systems to detect suspicious account activities or changes in user privileges that may indicate a privilege escalation attack. |
||||
|
||||
By understanding the types of privilege escalation attacks and following these best practices, you can create a more secure environment for your data and systems, and reduce the risk of unauthorized users gaining unrestricted access. |
||||
Privilege escalation is a technique where an attacker increases their access level within a system, moving from lower to higher permissions, such as from a standard user to an administrator. This can be achieved by exploiting system vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, or security weaknesses. It is critical to implement strong access controls, adhere to the principle of least privilege, and regularly update and patch systems to defend against such attacks. |
||||
|
||||
Visit the following resources to learn more: |
||||
|
||||
- [@article@What is privilege escalation?](https://www.crowdstrike.com/cybersecurity-101/privilege-escalation/) |
||||
- [@video@Privilege Escalation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksjU3Iu195Q) |
||||
|
||||
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